1. Ch. 7, Sec. 3—A New Plan of Government Be familiar with the roots of the Constitution. Be familiar with the roots of the Constitution. Know how the Constitution limits the power of government. Know how the Constitution limits the power of government.

2. Roots of the Constitution Took ______ months to finalize new Constitution. Took ______ months to finalize new Constitution. Many ideas in the Constitution came from study of European political institutions and political writers. Many ideas in the Constitution came from study of European political institutions and political writers. Framers of Const. were familiar with _____________________ system of Britain. Framers of Const. were familiar with _____________________ system of Britain. Valued individual rights guaranteed by British judicial system. Valued individual rights guaranteed by British judicial system. The ______________________ provided an important model for Americans. The ______________________ provided an important model for Americans. Placed limits of power on the monarch in 1215. Placed limits of power on the monarch in 1215. King had to rely on English Parliament to help make decisions concerning colony’s funds. King had to rely on English Parliament to help make decisions concerning colony’s funds. English Bill of Rights guaranteed individual rights (judicial system protected those rights). English Bill of Rights guaranteed individual rights (judicial system protected those rights). Framers got many ideas from the ________________________________. Framers got many ideas from the ________________________________. Promoted knowledge, reason, and science as means to improve society. Promoted knowledge, reason, and science as means to improve society.

3. Enlightenment thinking Two key figures emerge: _____________________ and Baron de Montesquieu. Two key figures emerge: _____________________ and Baron de Montesquieu. Locke —English philosopher who said people have __________________________. Locke —English philosopher who said people have __________________________. Include: life, liberty, and property. Include: life, liberty, and property. Govt. based on agreement, or contract, between people and ruler Govt. based on agreement, or contract, between people and ruler Constitution was contract between people & their govt. Constitution was contract between people & their govt. Contract protected people’s rights by limiting govt.’s power. Contract protected people’s rights by limiting govt.’s power. Montesquieu —power of govt. should be _________________ and __________________ against each other. Montesquieu —power of govt. should be _________________ and __________________ against each other. Separation would keep one person or group from becoming too powerful. Separation would keep one person or group from becoming too powerful. Powers of govt. should be clearly defined and limited to prevent abuse. Powers of govt. should be clearly defined and limited to prevent abuse. Framers carefully specified powers of govt. Framers carefully specified powers of govt.

4. The Federal System Federal System divided power between _______________ (federal) govt. and states. Federal System divided power between _______________ (federal) govt. and states. Shared powers = states gave up some power to fed. Govt. while keeping other powers. Shared powers = states gave up some power to fed. Govt. while keeping other powers. _____________________--sharing power between federal & state govts. _____________________--sharing power between federal & state govts. Constitution and laws passed by Congress become “the supreme law of the land.” Constitution and laws passed by Congress become “the supreme law of the land.” Constitution No state could make laws that went against the Constitution. No state could make laws that went against the Constitution.

5. Organization of Government Framers liked Montesquieu’s idea of division of powers, so they divided federal govt. into 3 branches: Framers liked Montesquieu’s idea of division of powers, so they divided federal govt. into 3 branches: 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ Most distinctive feature about U.S. govt. is the separation of powers. Most distinctive feature about U.S. govt. is the separation of powers. Const. divides power among 3 branches. Const. divides power among 3 branches. To keep any one branch from getting too much power, they built in a system of _____________________________. Each branch has roles to check or limit others. To keep any one branch from getting too much power, they built in a system of _____________________________. Each branch has roles to check or limit others.

6. Constitutional debate To approve Const., ____ of 13 states had to ratify it. To approve Const., ____ of 13 states had to ratify it. Ratify--__________________________________________________________________. Ratify--__________________________________________________________________. States held ratifying conventions. States held ratifying conventions. R.I. did not participate—they opposed Const. from beginning. R.I. did not participate—they opposed Const. from beginning. 2 groups emerged from new Const.: 2 groups emerged from new Const.: 1. __________________--supporters of the new Constitution. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. 2. ________________________--opposed ratification of new Constitution. Patrick Henry Patrick Henry

7. Federalists vs. Anti- federalists Federalists —feared disorder w/o strong fed. govt. (prevent occurrences like Shays’s Rebellion). Federalists —feared disorder w/o strong fed. govt. (prevent occurrences like Shays’s Rebellion). Looked to Const. to create nat’l govt. capable of keeping order. Looked to Const. to create nat’l govt. capable of keeping order. Madison, Jay, & Hamilton wrote series of essays defending Constitution called The ___________________ Papers. Madison, Jay, & Hamilton wrote series of essays defending Constitution called The ___________________ Papers. Anti-Federalists—feared new Const. would take away liberties that Americans fought to win. Anti-Federalists—feared new Const. would take away liberties that Americans fought to win. Creation of strong central govt. would ignore will of the states and the people. Creation of strong central govt. would ignore will of the states and the people. They wanted a ___________________________! They wanted a ___________________________!

8. Adopting the constitution __________________ was first to ratify Const. on Dec. 7, 1787. __________________ was first to ratify Const. on Dec. 7, 1787. __________________________ was 9 th state to ratify on June 21, 1788. __________________________ was 9 th state to ratify on June 21, 1788. Rhode Island last state to ratify Const. in May 1790. Rhode Island last state to ratify Const. in May 1790. People like Patrick Henry gave speeches against Const., stating it did not limit power of federal govt. enough. People like Patrick Henry gave speeches against Const., stating it did not limit power of federal govt. enough. Framers assured states that Const. would include a bill of rights amendment. Framers assured states that Const. would include a bill of rights amendment. Amendment --_________________________________________________________________________. Amendment --_________________________________________________________________________. Bill of Rights would end up being added in ___________. Bill of Rights would end up being added in ___________.