1. Sino-India Border Clashes 1959-1962

2. Beijing ’ s perception on India  “ Honeymoon ” based on the guideline of “ intermediate zone ” & “ peaceful coexistence ” ;  Deteriorating of bilateral relations based on the guideline of “ revolutionary diplomacy ” 1)POW issue in the Korean War; 2)1958 Taiwan strait crisis; 3)1959 Tibet riot;

3. Soviet ’ s attitude toward India  Stalin era: “ two blocs ” 1)Low evaluation on Gandhiism; 2)Suspicion on “ nonalignment ” neural policy; 3)Declining of trading with India from USD 6.2 million in 1948 to USD 0.7 million in 1953;  Khrushchev: “ peaceful coexistence ” 1)1956 CPSU 21 th Congress high evaluation on Nehru; 2)1958 Suez Canal Crisis “ 5-power crisis ” excluding China; 3)Increase of trading with India from 1955

4. McMahon Line  1914 secretly drawn by British official;  Mid-1930, Britain began to assert that the McMahon Line was India ’ s legitimate border, forging evidence to support spurious claim;  1959, Nehru adopted that position, declaring in parliament that, whatever view Beijing might take, ML was India ’ s boundary.

5. Sino-India border clashes  Patrol clashes in the western sector in 1958;  Premier Zhou highlights principles declared at Bandung Conference: 1)Dispute problem left by history could be resolved by negotiation; 2)Aksai Chin had long been Chinese territory; 3)A standstill agreement to prevent further clashes;

6. Nehru ’ s feedback  Declined to negotiate until the Chinese had withdrawn from Indian-claimed territory;  Refused to enter into a standstill agreement;  By the summer of 1962, “ forward policy ” had established dozens of small Indian military outposts in the disputed western territory;  In Oct. 1962, crisis switched to the eastern sector

7. Influence of Sino-India border clashes  Deteriorating of Sino-Soviet relations;  Improvement of Sino-Pakistan relations;  US-Soviet competition of influence in South Asia