1. 2/20/2016Copyright Ed Lipinski and Mesa Community College, 2003-2009. All rights reserved. 1 Research Methods Summer 2009 Choosing and Using Participants

2. 2 Agenda General Housekeeping Assignments Lesson Objective Ed’s Overview / Discussion Questions.

3. 3 Objective “... to outline the research subject utilization process”

4. 4 Ed’s Overview I.General Considerations II.Human Participants III.Voluntary Participants IV. Using Deception V. Using Animals VI. Research Ethics.

5. 5 I. General Considerations A. Populations and Samples Population - All Cases of Interest Sample – Subset of the Population B. Sampling and Generalization Ability to Apply Findings From a Sample Nonrandom Samples (Most Research) Internet Studies Most Findings Applied Indirectly.

6. 6 II. Human Participants A. Ethical Research Practice Nuremberg Code APA Ethical Guidelines Government Regulations (HHS) B. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) Required for Federally Funded Research Use of a Consent Form (See B &A) Risk-benefit Ratio of Doing Research.

7. 7 II. Human Participants C. The Research Setting Laboratory Research Field Research Lab Show On The Road Wait For Subjects D. The Needs of Research May Need to Screen Participants May Need to Use Children Institutional Policy.

8. 8 III. Voluntary Participants A. Volunteer Bias B. Factors That Affect Volunteering Participant Factors (see B & A) Situational Factors C. Internal Validity May Cloud Inferences D. External Validity May Affect Ability To Generalize.

9. 9 III. Voluntary Participants E. Remedies Make The Appeal Interesting Make The Appeal Non-threatening State The Importance State The Potential Benefit Gifts Are Nice Use “Good” Requesters Avoid Stressful Tactics Communicate The Requirements.

10. 10 IV. Using Deception A. Mislead or Withhold May Need To Debrief Afterwards B. Solutions Role Playing Obtain Consent To Be Deceived Debriefing.

11. 11 V. Using Animals A. Why Animals? B. Choosing Animals C. Acquiring Animals For Research D. Ethical Considerations E. Care and Use (see B & A) F. Generality of Animal Research G. Computer Simulations.

12. 12 VI. Research Ethics A. Has Become Very Important B. ‘Classical’ Studies in Psych C. APA Code of Ethics, 2002 Went Into Effect June 1, 2003 www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html.www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html

13. 13 Recap I.General Considerations II.Human Participants III.Voluntary Participants IV.Using Deception V. Using Animals VI. Research Ethics.

14. 14 Choosing and Using Participants Questions