1. The Skeletal System Chapter Five

2. Objectives: To identify bones that compose the skeletal system To identify bones that compose the skeletal system To identify functions of the skeletal system To identify functions of the skeletal system To identify subdivisions of the skeleton as axial and appendicular To identify subdivisions of the skeleton as axial and appendicular To classify types of joints according to their movement To classify types of joints according to their movement To identify the four types of bones To identify the four types of bones To identify various types of skeletal system disorders To identify various types of skeletal system disorders

3. What are the functions of the Skeletal System? Support Support Protection Protection Movement Movement Storage Storage Blood Cell Formation Blood Cell Formation

4. What are the divisions of the Skeletal System The Skeletal System is broken down into two divisions: – Axial Skeleton – Appendicular Skeleton

5. Axial Skeleton Consists of three specific parts: Consists of three specific parts: Skull Skull Vertebral Column Vertebral Column Bony Thorax Bony Thorax

6. Axial Skeleton The skull consist of: The skull consist of: –Cranium Bones –Facial Bones –Hyoid Bones

7. Axial Skeleton The vertebral column consist of : The vertebral column consist of : –Vertebrae –Sacrum –Coccyx ( a.k.a tailbone)

8. Axial Skeleton The Bony Thorax (a.k.a the thoracic cage)consists of: The Bony Thorax (a.k.a the thoracic cage)consists of: –Sternum –Ribs

9. Appendicular Skeleton Consists of three specific parts: Consists of three specific parts: –Upper and Lower Limbs –Pectoral Girdle –Pelvic Girdle

10. Appendicular Skeleton The Upper Limb consists of : The Arm The Forearm The Hand The Lower Limb consists of: The Thigh The Thigh The Leg The Leg The Foot The Foot

11. Appendicular Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle consists of : The Clavicle (a.k.a. the collarbone) The Clavicle (a.k.a. the collarbone) The Scapula (a.k.a. the shoulder bone) The Scapula (a.k.a. the shoulder bone)

12. Appendicular Skeleton The Pelvic Girdle consists of: The Pelvic Girdle consists of: Coxal Bones (a.k.a hip bone ) Coxal Bones (a.k.a hip bone )

13. Joints Joints are articulations that hold bones together securely, but allows movement Joints are articulations that hold bones together securely, but allows movement Joints are named based on their movements Joints are named based on their movements

14. Joints Fibrous Joint Fibrous Joint –Bones joined by fibrous tissue –No movement –Found in the skull Ex: Sutures within the brain Ex: Sutures within the brain

15. Joints Cartilaginous Joint Cartilaginous Joint –Slightly moveable –Found in the pelvic bones and spinal column

16. Joints Synovial Joints Synovial Joints –Found in joint cavities that contain synovial fluid –Has the most movement –Based on the shape of the bone –Six different types of joints

17. Synovial Joints Plane-joint Plane-joint Hinge-joint Hinge-joint Pivot-joint Pivot-joint Condyloid-joint Condyloid-joint Saddle-joint Saddle-joint Ball-n-Socket joint Ball-n-Socket joint

18. Synovial Joints Plane-Joint Plane-Joint –Gliding movement –Found in wrists Hinge-Joint Hinge-Joint –Angular movement –Found in elbow, ankle, and between figures Pivot-Joint Pivot-Joint –Found in the radius and the ulna of the arm-

19. Synovial Joints Condyloid-Joint Condyloid-Joint –“knuckle-like” Saddle-Joint Saddle-Joint –Found within your thumb –“twiddling your thumbs” Ball-n-Socket Ball-n-Socket –Found in shoulder and pelvic areas

20. Bone Types There are 206 bones in an adult human body There are 206 bones in an adult human body There are two bone types: There are two bone types: Compact Bone- is dense and smooth Compact Bone- is dense and smooth Spongy Bone- is small and needle-like with a lot of Spongy Bone- is small and needle-like with a lot of open space open space

21. Bone Types Bones are classified based on their shape Long Long –Ex: arm, thigh, leg, Short Short –Ex: knee-cap Flat Flat –Ex. rib Irregular Irregular –spine

22. Bone Fractures A break in a bone A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Types of bone fractures –Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin –Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization –Realignment of the bone

23. Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

24. Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

25. Types of Skeletal Disorders Arithritis Arithritis –Rheumatoid Arithritis –Osteroarithritis Gout Gout Osteroporosis Osteroporosis