3.  You’re a peasant farmer:  Why are you a farmer?  Where do you farm?  What do you farm?  How do you farm?

4. Cooperative plowing Conserved the quality of land Balanced distribution of good land Rights afforded to peasants in a village Could sell surplus if there was a market Farmers were part of a “team” Gleaning allowed 3 Field System – semi- collectivist

5.  The Netherlands was above the pack in their farming techniques  Limited space in which to farm  Innovative techniques for drainage, increasing crop yields  Use of windmills and better tools  Spread ideas to England by 1700s

6.  Planted seed in neat rows  Improved germination by making furrow, dropping seed into them, and covering them  Reduced amount of seed used in planting

7. ADDITIONAL MACHINES  Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull  Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold  Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American Cyrus McCormic (1834)  Self-cleaning steel plow – John Deere(1837)  Thresher – separated grain from stalk  Harvester – cut and bind grain  Combine - cut, thresh, and sack grain  Tractor – pulled equipment through the field  Corn planter  Potato digger  Electric milker  Cotton picker

9. Crop Rotation  English gentleman farmer Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townsend  Alternating grain crops: wheat and barley, with soil enriching crops: turnips and clovers.  No longer had to leave land fallow Scientific Breeding  1725-1795  Selective breeding of animals  Produced more and better animals  Produced more milk and meat

10.  http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/VideoActivity. aspx?siteId=14&sectionId=63&contentId=163 &titleId=169 http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/VideoActivity. aspx?siteId=14&sectionId=63&contentId=163 &titleId=169  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9G7XzgG 6So https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9G7XzgG 6So

11.  Spinning wool into thread by hand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShSIOF0o5js Spinning wool into thread by hand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShSIOF0o5js  Traditional wool production https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2iY4VFDiZI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2iY4VFDiZI  Sheep shearing – traditional - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62EmEsacEY modern - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeQCVGtfjA4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62EmEsacEY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeQCVGtfjA4

13. BENEFITS TO LANDOWNERS  Landowners had the political strength to pass the enclosure law  Owned large unified farms under this system  Farming was more efficient  Didn’t need consent of the village to experiment with new crop methods

14. SMALL FARMERS FORCED OFF THEIR LAND  Had to pay for :  Required fencing  A team of oxen  Could no longer glean or gather wood  Often had to sell plots to large landowners:  Forced to Rent or  Work for someone else  Increasing the # of men looking for work

15.  Use your book or your phone to look up the “putting-out” system or domestic system of the cottage industry  With a partner or with your table, draw out the steps of the putting out system

16.  How would you classify the lives of the hay farmers in Transylvania?  Why did many people leave the old ways behind during the mid-20 th century?  What is lost when people embrace new technologies fully?  Do you sometimes feel as though you would want to escape the modern world for something like this?  Why is there a concerted effort now to continue with this way of life?  How can you relate the issues raised in this article to the Enlightenment and the Agricultural revolution?

17.  1 st born son: inherits the estate of the father completely.  2 nd, 3 rd, et. al. sons: do not inherit the estate unless 1 st born and any other before them die

18.  Ancient practice, brought back during feudal era in Medieval Europe to ensure inheritance stayed within family  Consolidated power within the head of the estate or nation (re: royal succession)  remember the lineage issues in 100 Yrs War?

19.  The later-born sons would be expected to find their own way in the world  Many joined the monastic life to ensure that their well-being would be provided for  Others set off into the world as explorers and once the “New World” was settled, left to find fortunes elsewhere  Women were typically not considered for inheritance rights, even if they were firstborn.

20. 1. Agricultural production increased 2. Cost of foodstuffs dropped 3. Increased production of food resulted in part, in a rapid growth of population 4. Large farms, using machines and scientific methods, began to dominate agriculture 5. Number of small farms began to decline 6. The number of farmers, in proportion to total population, decreased sharply 7. Many farmers moved to the cities 8. The population of cities increased rapidly 9. Farmers found their work less difficult because machines performed the back breaking labor 10. Farming changed from a self-sufficient way of life to big business