1. Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

2. Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

3. We all know about: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature

4. STATES OF MATTER  Based upon particle arrangement  Based upon energy of particles  Based upon distance between particles

5. Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

6. At 100°C, water becomes water vapor, a gas. Molecules can move randomly over large distances. Below 0°C, water solidifies to become ice. In the solid state, water molecules are held together in a rigid structure. Between 0°C and 100 °C, water is a liquid. In the liquid state, water molecules are close together, but can move about freely.

7. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

8. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID  Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.  Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

9. STATES OF MATTER GAS  Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.  Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

10. PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

11. PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquidCondensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gasSublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

12. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

13. NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4 th state of matter: PLASMA

14. On earth we live upon an island of "ordinary" matter. The different states of matter generally found on earth are solid, liquid, and gas. We have learned to work, play, and rest using these familiar states of matter. Sir William Crookes, an English physicist, identified a fourth state of matter, now called plasma, in 1879.

15. STATES OF MATTER PLASMA  A plasma is an ionized gas.  A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.  Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Plasma is the common state of matter

16. STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

18. Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

19. 2. Lightning

20. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

21. 4. Neon lights

22. 5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

23. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

24. 6 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

25. Products manufactured using plasmas impact our daily lives:

26. EXAMPLES: Computer chips and integrated circuits Computer hard drives Electronics Machine tools Medical implants and prosthetics Audio and video tapes Aircraft and automobile engine parts Printing on plastic food containers Energy-efficient window coatings High-efficiency window coatings Safe drinking water Voice and data communications components Anti-scratch and anti-glare coatings on eyeglasses and other optics

27. Waste processing Coatings and films Electronics Computer chips and integrated circuits Advanced materials (e.g., ceramics) High-efficiency lighting Plasma technologies are important in industries with annual world markets approaching $200 billion

28. Water Purification Systems Plasma-based sources can emit intense beams of UV & X ray radiation or electron beams for a variety of environmental applications.

29. For water sterilization, intense UV emission disables the DNA of microorganisms in the water which then cannot replicate. There is no effect on taste or smell of the water and the technique only takes about 12 seconds.

30. This plasma-based UV method is effective against all water-born bacteria and viruses. Intense UV water purification systems are especially relevant to the needs of developing countries because they can be made simple to use and have low maintenance, high throughput and low cost. Plasma-based UV water treatment systems use about 20,000 times less energy than boiling water!

31. Drastically Reduce Landfill Size Environmental impact:

32. High-temperature plasmas in arc furnaces can convert, in principle, any combination of materials to a vitrified or glassy substance with separation of molten metal. Substantial recycling is made possible with such furnaces and the highly stable, nonleachable, vitrified material can be used in landfills with essentially no environmental impact.

33. Electron-beam generated plasma reactors can clean up hazardous chemical waste or enable soil remediation. Such systems are highly efficient and reasonably portable, can treat very low concentrations of toxic substances, and can treat a wide range of substances. Environmental impact:

34. So now we know all about four states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)

35. Cool Matter Song

36. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

37. Not Necessarily! In 1924 (92 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. EinsteinBose +

38. The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995 (only 21 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

39. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

40. Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

41. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

44. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

45. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

46. The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

47. - - - + + + State the Phase Plasma Solid B.E.C. LiquidGas