1. Syntax: Auxiliary verbs LING 400 Winter 2010

2. Overview VP substitution (review) VP substitution (review) Auxiliary verbs Auxiliary verbs –Properties –Auxiliary verbs and movement –Subject NP please turn off your cell phone For further learning about syntax, LING 461

3. Verb Phrases and substitution One possibility for VP: do so Robin plays the violin, and Lee does so as well. Robin plays the violin, and so does Lee. do so substitutes for entire VP

4. Sentences with have Another VP pro-form: so Another VP pro-form: so –Robin has studied the violin. So has Lee. What does this tell us about have? What does this tell us about have?  have must not be part of the VP  What is have (and words like it)?

5. VP substitution possibilities do so Joyce has studied ASL. Julia has done so as well. so Joyce has studied ASL. So has Julia. as Joyce has studied ASL, as has Julia.

6. More pre-VP possibilities is Joyce is studying ASL, and so is Julia. will Joyce will study ASL, and so will Julia. should Joyce should study ASL, and so should Julia.

7. AUX my slides Contemporary Linguistics S  NP (AUX) VP IP  NP I’ I’  I VP I’  I VP AUX  Modal have be I, ±Pst  Modal  will, would, can, could, may, might, must, should The dog might bite that man.

8. My slides

9. Contemporary Linguistics Why V’: never [drink alcohol and drive a car]

10. Properties of AUX Modals Joyce will study. have: + past participle Joyce has studied. be: + present participle/gerund Joyce is studying.

11. Rightmost AUX governs V form Joyce AUX [should] VP [study ASL]. Joyce AUX [should have] VP [studied ASL]. Joyce AUX [should have been] VP [studying ASL].

12. Modal vs. non-modal AUX BE + -ing form (‘gerund’): ‘progressive’ construction is going: present progressive was going: past progressive will be going: future progressive HAVE + -ed form (‘past participle’): ‘perfect’ construction has gone: present perfect had gone: past perfect will have gone: future perfect

13. Modal vs. non-modal AUX Non-modals: 3sg, infinitive, participle forms has, to have, having, had is, to be, being, been Modals like must do not have infinitival forms *to must do not inflect for 3sg musts do not have participle forms *musting, *musted

14. Negation follows AUX positive negative free form: not bound form: n’t [ ə nt] free form: not bound form: n’t [ ə nt] has studied has not studied hasn’t studied is studying is not studying isn’t studying will study will not study won’t study

15. Aux + n’t Some special negative forms Some special negative forms –haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t –isn’t, aren’t (> ain’t), *amn’t, wasn’t, weren’t –*willn’t (won’t) –wouldn’t –can’t –couldn’t –*mayn’t (may not) –mightn’t –mustn’t –shouldn’t –*shalln’t (shant, shall not)

16. Aux and yes/no questions Aux moves to the beginning of Q Joyce will study ASL. Will Joyce study ASL? *Will study Joyce ASL? Only leftmost Aux moves Joyce has been studying ASL. Has Joyce been studying ASL? *Has been Joyce studying ASL?

17. Aux movement

18. Contemporary Linguistics Inversion: Move I to C (see p. 175)

19. Properties of sentences with no Aux S  NP (Aux) VP S  NP (Aux) VP “Do-support” (= Do Insertion, CL p. 177) “Do-support” (= Do Insertion, CL p. 177) –In negative Ss and questions, if no Aux, then Aux  do.

20. do-support Declarative sentence –Julia studies.   Negative –Julia doesn’t study. –*Julia studies not. *Julia studiesn’t. *Julia not studies.   Yes/no question –Does Julia study? –*Studies Julia? –(Julia studies?!)   Emphatic – –Julia does study. AUX, if any, inflects for tense.

21. do can be Aux or V Declarative Declarative –Stephen did the homework. Negative Negative –Stephen didn’t do the homework. Yes/no Q Yes/no Q –Did Stephen do the homework? Emphatic Emphatic –Stephen did do the homework.

22. 3 types of do Main verb Main verb –Stephen did the homework. AUX (< Do support) AUX (< Do support) –Did Stephen do the homework? Pro-form Pro-form –Stephen finished the homework. Joyce did so as well.

23. be and have can be Aux or V be be –V: John is quiet. –AUX + V: John is being quiet. have have –V: Robin has doubts. –Aux + V: Robin has had doubts.

24. Refining AUX movement rule “In questions, the leftmost constituent of Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence.” “In questions, the leftmost constituent of Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence.” –Joyce has been studying ASL. –Has Joyce been studying ASL?

25. Sentences with more than one AUX The person who is studying ASL has left the room. The person who is studying ASL has left the room. 1 2 1 2 Which Aux? Which Aux? Not leftmost Aux of sentence Not leftmost Aux of sentence –*Is the person who studying ASL has left the room? Has the person who is studying ASL left the room? Has the person who is studying ASL left the room?

27. Subject NP “In questions, the leftmost constituent of the highest AUX is moved to the beginning of the sentence.” “In questions, the leftmost constituent of the highest AUX is moved to the beginning of the sentence.” ‘highest AUX’ ‘highest AUX’ –immediately dominated by root node  Movement delimits subject NP constituent

28. Syntax summary Sentences are not just strings of words Sentences are not just strings of words Structural ambiguity: structure determines meaning Structural ambiguity: structure determines meaning Tests for constituency Tests for constituency –Coordination test: only constituents of same category can be conjoined –Substitution test: pro-forms can substitute for constituents –Movement test: only constituents can be moved Some constituents identified: VP, Aux, Subject NP Some constituents identified: VP, Aux, Subject NP

29. Question In some language you know other than English, how are negative sentences formed? Where is the negative morpheme placed with respect to the verb?