1. Annals of St Bertin Annalistic monastery chronicle Covers 830-82

2. Abbo Cernuus (“crooked”) French Benedictine monk from Paris, born mid-9th c. Witnessed siege of Paris, 885-87 Description of siege in Latin verse, De Bellis Parisiacae Urbis, with description of events to 896

3. Chronicle of St Denis Mediaeval chronicle written long after events described here Sources: Dudo (d. c. 1043) and William of Jumièges (d. c. 1090), monks also writing long after events

4. Ahmad ibn Fadlan Very little known about him. Sent by caliph, in 921, as ambassador to king of Bulgars of Middle Volga, to present gifts and supervise Muslim teachers Met some of the Swedish Rus after arrived in 922. Impressions recorded in risala (“message”)

5. Abu’l-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam Egyptian historian, from family famous for historical and judicial knowledge Futuh Misr wa Akhbaruha - history of Muslim conquest of Egypt, N. Africa, Spain Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam (d. 871)

6. Shihab al-Din Abu’l-‘Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari Algerian scholar and polymath. Born in Tlemcen. Educated there, then spends time in Fez and Marrakesh. After 1603 becomes imam at Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fez Al-Maqqari (1577-1632)

7. 1617 leaves Fez for east. Settles in Cairo Nafh al-Tib - two-part work: 1. Compilation of Andalusian geography, history, literature 2. Biography and collection of works of 14th c. writer of Granada, Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib Al-Maqqari (1577-1632)