1. Mobility Discussion (Mobility and Internet Signaling Protocols -00) NSIS Interim Meeting in UK June 3, 2004

2. Goals of This Work This draft is meant as an applicability statement and user guide of NTLP/NSLPs in mobile environments. We seek to analyse different cases to see whether the NSIS protocols could work with basic mobility Making sure there are no initial design mistakes that break the protocols in mobile environments Start as analysis, end up as an applicability statement showing where the NSIS protocols work and where they don't Some cases are not just mobility-specific Stimulating further discussions related to the security & authorization issues in a mobile environment making use of the NSIS protocols

3. Short Problem Statement Change of route and possibly change of MN IP address Latency caused by route change due to mobility Explicit routes Path update (Local repair) –Upstream local repair vs. Downstream local repair –Teardown IP-in-IP encapsulation Peer (MN, CRN, or AR) failures Ping-pong type handover

4. Main Issues Discussed Analysis of various mobility scenarios in NSIS signaling Crossover node discovery and Path update caused by mobility and route change Dead peer discovery Case examples of NSIS signaling according to handover cases Interaction with mobility signaling (e.g., HMIPv6, FMIPv6, CARD, and CTP) Uni- and bi-directional state establishment, State Management, and State establishment in network mobility and additional issues Security considerations in various scenarios such as MN as sender/receiver, multihoming scenarios, using context transfer, proxy scenario, and AAA interaction

5. Selected Identified Problems Dead peer discovery – mobile node disappears and state is removed because next NTLP hop is gone Make-before-break handover (or multihoming / multiple SCTP associations) Packets with a routing header can take weird routes Finding out the cross-over node, how is CRN authorized to send messages to repair the state on the data path The effect of State management on Path Update (e.g., Path Update in stateless QoS model) Others …..????

6. Open Issues Selected open issues (?) –CRN-related terminologies –In the Interworking with HMIPv6, how can the nodes decide locally whether they are indeed the UCRN? Can the update of the flow identifier for the session be considered only between an MN and an MAP to avoid end-to- end signaling? –Can the teardown message be sent toward the opposite direction of the state initiator? –When is the right time to delete the state along the obsolete path for fast handover of a ping-pong type? –How can the crossover node be discovered in the specific multicasting/multihoming cases? –How does the NAT/FW NSLP affect the CRN discovery?

7. Future Work Restructuring of TOC Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Terminology 3. Problem Statement 4. General Considerations 5. Mobility-Related Issues with NSIS Protocols 5.1 Specific Issues with NTLP 5.2 Specific Issues with QoS-NSLP 5.3 Specific Issues with NAT/FW NSLP 5.4 Common issues related to NTLP and NSLP 6. Applicability Statement 6.1 Global- and local-mobility scenarios 6.2 Failure scenarios 6.3 Use cases of Identifiers 6.4 Backward compatibility 6.5 Aggregation of end-to-end flows in mobility scenarios 6.6 Multihoming/make-before-break scenarios 6.7 When CN is mobile 6.8 Bi-directional state establishment in mobility scenarios 6.9 Refresh interval adjustment in RANs 6.10 Interactions with mobility-related protocols 6.11 Guidelines for Implementation of NTLP and NSLPs 7. Security Considerations Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Terminology 3 Framework 4 Cross- over Node Discovery and Path Update 5 Dead Peer Discovery (DPD) 6 Case Examples 6.1 NSIS in the hard-handover case 6.2 Example of Signaling of an Anticipated Handoff 7 Multihoming-related Issues 8 Interactions with Mobility Signaling 9 Additional issues 9.1 Both End-Hosts are Mobile 9.2 Uni- and Bi- directional State Establishment 9.3 State Management 9.4 State establishment in Network Mobility 10 Guidelines for Designers of new NSLPs 11 Summary of Split of functionality 12 Security Considerations 12.1 MN as data sender 12.2 CN as data sender 12.3 Multi-homing Scenarios 12.4 Context Transfer 12.5 Proxy Scenario 12.6 Implications for the costs of a QoS resv.

8. Question Do you think this mobility work (Applicability statement for mobility support in NSIS protocols) would be valuable in NSIS WG? Should this be a WG item, to analyze the applicability of NSIS protocol in a mobile environment?

9. Backup Slides for further discussion

10. Terminologies (I) Crossover Node (CRN) –A Crossover Node is a node that for a given function is a merging point of two or more separate sets of state information, and not only a physical route splitting point. In the context of this draft, we can distinguish several logical (but not necessarily physically) different CRNs: NTLP/NSLP CRN Upstream/Downstream CRN Mobility/Routing CRN –Currently, each CRN definition is not obvious, so comment on NSIS mailing list.

11. Terminologies (II) Path Update –The procedure for the re-establishment of NSIS state on the new path, the teardown of NSIS state on the old path, and the update of NSIS state on the common path due to route change or mobility. –Upstream Path Update: Path Update for the upstream signaling which is initiated by a signaling initiator on the common path –Downstream Path Update: Path Update for downstream signaling which is triggered by a signaling initiator on the new path (e.g., MN, mobile agent, or an AR). Dead Peer Discovery (DPD) –The procedure for finding a dead NSIS peer due to a link or node failure and due to a mobile node moving away.

12. AR1 AR NAR CRN AR 1 2 3 Resv message Resv message Path message Path message Teardown message Teardown message RSVP session RSVP session QoS Signaling in Mobility (II) Resources Reservation in MIP-based access Networks –How to fast re-establish the resources after handover? Path Update How to ferret a Crossover Node? –How to delete the obsolete path after handover?

13. Crossover Node Discovery Discovery –Issue I If the merging point is NOT NSIS-aware and can NOT act as a crossover node? Session_ID, flow_ID, Incoming interface, and Mobility Object. AR1 AR2 CRN (1) Switching Fabric interface Session ID Switching Fabric interface Session ID Flow IDMO

14. CRN discovery (cont ’ d) Route Change vs. Mobility (I) Approaches –Coupled approach –Separated approach –At the NSLP level, CRN is determined by comparing the Source Identification Information (SII) contained in the incoming signaling message to that of previously stored in the node. –At the NTLP level, CRN discovery can be considered as an extension to the peer discovery (e.g., using GIMPS query-response) Mobility –may cause the change of the flow identifier. the flow identifier should be updated along the entire chain of NSIS entities –A For each flow, a CRN is only discovered Upstream CRN (UCRN) / Downstream CRN (DCRN)

15. CRN discovery (cont ’ d) Route Change vs. Mobility (II) Route Change –the flow identifier does NOT change after the standard route change If an unique Session ID is used –For each (upstream/downstream) flow, the route change results in forming a chain of divergence and convergence CRN pair in the network. Diverging CRN and Converging CRN Diverging CRN Convergin g CRN The existing RSVP Session The existing RSVP Session New RSVP session New RSVP session

16. Path Update Localized QoS signaling –Upstream Path Update for the upstream signaling, it is initiated by a signaling initiator on the common path (e.g., a CN, a HA, or a GFA/MAP). –Downstream Path Update for downstream signaling, it is triggered by a signaling initiator on the new path (e.g., MN, mobile agent, or an AR) OAR NAR DCRN Sender CN OAR NAR UCRN 3 Receive r CN 1 3 2 1 2

17. Path Update (cont ’ d) Open issues –In the Interworking with HMIPv6, how can the nodes decide locally whether they are indeed the UCRN? Can the update of the flow identifier for the session be considered only between an MN and an MAP to avoid end-to- end signaling? –Can the teardown message be sent toward the opposite direction of the state initiator? –When is the right time to delete the state along the obsolete path for fast handover of a ping-pong type? –How can the crossover node be discovered in the specific multicasting/multihoming cases? –How does the NAT/FW NSLP affect the CRN discovery?

18. State Management Soft state –It may be necessary to set the refresh timer value in a wireless network to a smaller value than that in the core (wired) network –by manual configuration –by some adaptive technique Use of Refresh bit to efficiently reserve resources ‘ PRE ’ bit for preservation ‘ M ’ bit for Mobility session Vertype checksum TTL flag reserved Length 1 Setting the timer (M bit) MP Length51 Refresh period R

19. State Management Soft state –It may be necessary to set the refresh timer value in a wireless network to a smaller value than that in the core (wired) network –by manual configuration –by some adaptive technique (Our proposal) Use of Refresh bit to efficiently reserve resources ‘ PRE ’ bit for preservation ‘ M ’ bit for Mobility session

20. State establishment in NEMO Aggregate reservation –The solutions in the NEMO WG will support preservation of route aggregation in the network when flows of MNs (and/or fixed hosts) in a mobile network are sent to the same HA or CN. Issue –Pinball routing problem the nested mobile networks cause this issue because flows of each mobile network may transit multiple HAs through multiple bi-directional tunneling. –Multihoming-related issue

21. Reservation Mode Sender-Initiated –the MN (as a sender) can initiate a reservation setup for its outgoing flows as soon as it has moved toward another AR. Receiver-Initiated –MN (as a sender) somehow has to inform the receiver of its handover Delayed signaling problem occurs Bi-directional reservation – The bidirectional data flows have the same end points, but the path in the two directions does not need to be the same. – a crossover node for downstream reservation may be different from that for upstream reservation

22. Mobility Event detection Mobility Object –To prepare immediate handover i.e., for fast QoS re-establishment –When an MN detects a handover (e.g., by layer 2 trigger), NSLP of the MN may set the MOBILITY object in the refresh message and sends it to the current AR (1). NSLP of the AR after receiving the movement information (2). AR1 AR2 AR3 AR4 candidate Candidate CR (1) (2)

23. Interaction with Mobility Protocols During handover –Movement Detection e.g., ‘ RtSolPr ’ message in Fast Handover for MIPv6 –CARD & CT To fast re-establishment or pre-establishment After handover –NTLP/NSLP messages should be simultaneously sent with handover information BU message in MIP

24. Dead Peer Discovery (DPD): Overview A dead peer can occur –A link or a network node, including the MN and CRN, failed, or –The mobile node moved away without informing NSLP/NTLP The procedures for handling DPD should be the same no matter why a peer is dead –because an NE discovering a dead peer cannot judge the specific reason –DPD due to a link or node failure, and DPD due to an MN moving away should trigger the same reaction

25. Dead Peer Discovery (DPD): Overview (cont ’ d) Dead peers should be discovered as soon as possible to minimize service interruption NSIS needs to find a different path NSIS state needs to be set up along the new path, and NSIS state needs to be torn down along the old path Care must be taken to terminate teardown at the CRN since the NSIS state on the common path should not be deleted

26. DPD: Failure Cases Dead peers of interest in mobility scenarios –CRN, MN, and AR Only NSIS functions (i.e., NTLP/NSLP) of the node may fail, or the physical hardware An MN may either fail or move

27. DPD: Impact of Dead Peers The failure of an NSIS CRN A new CRN should be discovered immediately The failure or movement of an MN may cause the 'invalid NR' problem The failure of an AR may make the interactions with Seamoby protocols (such as CARD and CT) impossible. –In this case, the neighboring peer closest to the dead AR may need to interact with CARD and CT