2. Earthquake s Natural Hazards Pertaining to the Lithosphere

3. EARTHQUAKES sudden movement or shaking of the Earth Caused by plate tectonic stresses Located at plate boundaries Resulting in breakage of the Earth’s brittle crust

4. PLATE TECTONIC STRESSES faults (= cracks where plate sections are moving in different directions)Plate boundaries and faults (= cracks where plate sections are moving in different directions) cause friction as plates move Plates in a fault zone have STICK-SLIP motion –Periods of no movement (stick) and fast movement (slip) –Energy stored as plates stick, –Energy released as plates slip

5. EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE LandsidesLandsides Building damageBuilding damage LiquefactionLiquefactionLiquefaction

6. LIQUEFACTION Results in a loss of soil strength & the ability of the soil to support weight when a solid (sand and soil) becomes saturated with water and acts like a heavy liquid -PERU 1970 -MEXICO CITY 1985

7. EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE Most caused by SURFACE waves (arrive last)

8. EARTHQUAKE WAVES FOCUS = place deep within the Earth and along the fault where rupture occurs FOCUS = place deep within the Earth and along the fault where rupture occurs EPICENTER = geographic point on surface directly above focus EPICENTER = geographic point on surface directly above focus SEISMIC WAVES SEISMIC WAVES produced by the release of energy SEISMIC WAVES SEISMIC WAVES move out in circles from the point of rupture (focus) move out in circles from the point of rupture (focus) 2 types: surface & body (travel inside & through earth’s layers) 2 types: surface & body (travel inside & through earth’s layers) P waves: back and forth movement of rock; travel thru solid, liquid, gas S waves: sideways movement of rock; travel thru solids only

9. Earthquake intensity is related to Earthquake Magnitude. DEPTH OF THE QUAKE’S FOCUS Shallow Intermediate Deep Deep-Focus: produces smaller vibrations at the epicenter Shallow-Focus: produces greater vibrations= greater intensity

10. EARTHQUAKE WAVES Seismographs record earthquake waves Seismograms show: Amplitude of seismic waves (how much rock moves or vibrates)Amplitude of seismic waves (how much rock moves or vibrates) Distance to the epicenterDistance to the epicenter Earthquake directionEarthquake direction

11. EARTHQUAKE WAVES 3 types of seismic waves show up on seismogram 3 types of seismic waves show up on seismogram P waves: shake earth in same direction as wave; travel thru solid, liquid, gas S waves: Shake earth sideways to wave direction; travel thru solids only Surface waves: circular movement of rock; travel on surface – cause most damage!!

12. EARTHQUAKE WAVES P waves move through solids & liquids S waves move through solids only!!!

13. EARTHQUAKE WAVES Body P wavesS waves waves AKA Moves through Movement of rock Primary (1st to arrive) Longitudinal, Compression all states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) back and forth movement of rock push/pull or compression/stretch out Like slinky down stairs Vibration is same as the direction of travel Secondary (2nd to arrive - larger) Transverse, Shear Can go through solids only Move sideways perpendicular to direction of wave travel Like snake

14. EARTHQUAKE WAVES Lets test your understanding!! Is this a P or an S wave? P wave! S Wave

15. EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY Modified Mercalli scaleModified Mercalli scale= measurement of damage to structures Modified Mercalli scale From I to XII (Roman numerals)From I to XII (Roman numerals) Descriptive, changes with distance from epicenterDescriptive, changes with distance from epicenter Can change from location to locationCan change from location to locationlocation What you need: Your senses!Your senses! measures damage to man-made structures at certain location

16. EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE measures the size of seismic waves  the energy released by the earthquake measures the size of seismic waves  the energy released by the earthquake Richter scale=measurement of energy released based upon wave amplitude (size of vibration) <2 to ~10<2 to ~10 Amplitude of wave goes up by 10 (Logarithmic scale)Amplitude of wave goes up by 10 (Logarithmic scale) What you need: Amplitude (size of vibration = wave height)Amplitude (size of vibration = wave height) Time between arrival of 1 st P and 1 st S wavesTime between arrival of 1 st P and 1 st S waves

17. Seismograph records energy waves of the earth

18. HOW TO READ SEISMOGRAMS P & S (body waves) move through earth & arrive first P & S waves used to calculate magnitude of earthquake Amplitude = height of wave (how much the rock moves; size of vibration)

19. MERCALLI VS. RICHTER

20. Addressing the Hazard Identify areas at risk Forecast

21. Addressing the Hazard Structural adaptations Warning systems

22. Locating the Hazard EPICENTRAL DISTANCE Distance to a quake’s epicenter is determined by the P-S separation With increasing travel distance, time separation between P & S waves increases The radius of the circle is equal to the epicentral distance SO…three stations are needed!

24. San Francisco Earthquake 1906

25. Alaska Earthquake 1964

26. Earthquakes in the ocean cause

27. Destruction 30’ Wall of Water Large, ocean wave Caused by vertical motions of the sea floor during an earthquake -open ocean the waves are small -as they reach shallow water the waves get much larger

28. SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI 2009

29. 2011