1. DNA Replication 20/02/20161

2. 2 DNA replication is central to life and to evolution; in which the stored genomic information is handed down to the next generation. The principles of DNA replication are similar in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes alike.

3. 20/02/20163 Replication of Eukaryotes DNA replication is closely related with cell cycle. Multiple origins on one chromosome, and replications are activated in a sequential order rather than simultaneously.

4. 20/02/20164 Occurs in the S phase of cell cycle, before cell division. Results in doubling of the DNA content of cells. The entire content of DNA in the nucleus multiplies. Occurs in the S phase of cell cycle, before cell division. Results in doubling of the DNA content of cells. The entire content of DNA in the nucleus multiplies.

5. 20/02/20165

6. DNA replication It is a process by which the DNA is duplicated, so the genetic information found in the DNA is copied & transmitted to the daughter cells. Each strand serve as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Enzymes involved in the DNA replication process are template directed polymerases. Initiation of DNA replication commits the cell to continue the process until the entire genome has been replicated. DNA replication is a complex process. Polymerization occurs only 5' to 3‘. 20/02/20166

7. 7 When replication has been completed, are old strands paired with new, or old with old & new with new, or what? In the late 1950s, three different mechanisms were proposed for the replication of DNA.

8. Alternative models of DNA replication 20/02/20168

9. 9 Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl experiment DNA containing 15 N has a density about 1%greater than that of 14 N DNA. Thus, 15 N & 14 N DNA can be separated by centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient.

10. Continue.. This provides a strong evidence that semi conservative replication is the model used by bacterial cells to produce new DNA molecules. 20/02/201610

11. 20/02/201611

12. Is DNA synthesis initiates at one site or at multiple sites on the chromosome and whether the sites are defined or random? i. The point where DNA synthesis starts is a specific DNA sequence called the origin of replication. ii. The point where the parental duplex separates and the daughter duplexes arise is the site of new DNA synthesis, referred to as a replication fork. iii. A single origin of replication is sufficient for the comparatively small bacterial chromosome, but eukaryotic cells contain much more DNA. iv. As in bacteria, replication bubbles grow bidirectionally in eukaryotes, with moving replication forks on either side. 20/02/201612

13. 20/02/201613 Bidirectional Replication Once the dsDNA is opened at the origin, two replication forks are formed spontaneously. These two replication forks move in opposite directions as the syntheses continue. Replication fork

14. 20/02/201614 We know that specific origin sequences are present in bacteria, archaea, and the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), but the nature of the origins of replication in complex eukaryotes remains uncertain.

15. 20/02/201615 Replication Is Semi-discontinuous The Y-shaped replication fork consists of a parental duplex DNA stem and two prongs, the new daughter duplexes. The parental DNA strands are antiparallel, so the links between nucleotides in the daughter strands run in opposite directions. all known DNA polymerases, the enzymes that synthesize DNA, extend DNA in only one direction: 5 ′→ 3 ′. Hence, both daughter strands cannot be replicated in the same direction that the replication fork moves. DNA polymerase cannot initiate DNA chains; these must be initiated by short sections of RNA, referred to as primers, synthesized by an enzyme called primase.

16. 20/02/201616 Continue...  This mode of replication is described as semidiscontinuous because only one daughter strand is synthesized continuously; the other strand is made as a series of discontinuous fragments.  The continuously synthesized daughter strand is called the leading strand, and the discontinuous daughter strand is the lagging strand.  Lagging-strand Okazaki fragments are 1 to 2 kb long in bacteria but shorter, 100 to 200 nucleotides, in eukaryotes.  Each Okazaki fragment is primed at the 5 ′ end by a short RNA, of 10 to 13 nucleotides. The RNA primer is removed by nuclease action and Okazaki fragments are joined by ligase soon after the replication fork has passed.

17. DNA replication is semiconservative; each daughter chromosome contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand. Replication is initiated at specific sites on the DNA, the origins of replication. Circular bacterial chromosomes can have only one origin, whereas long, linear eukaryotic chromosomes are dotted with numerous origins. Replication usually proceeds bidirectionally from the origin, at growing points known as replication forks. At a replication fork, the parental DNA strands are separated and used as templates to simultaneously form two new daughter duplexes. The two strands of DNA in a duplex are antiparallel, yet DNA polymerases extend DNA only in the 5 ′→ 3 ′ direction. Therefore, only one strand, the leading strand, is extended “continuously” in the direction of replication fork movement; the other strand, the lagging strand, is synthesized “discontinuously” in the opposite direction as a series of Okazaki fragments. This is the process of semidiscontinuous replication. 20/02/201617