1. Chapter 21 The Furnace of the Civil War 1861-1864

2. “Ninety-Day War ?” April 15, 1861 - Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen Believed a quick suppression of the South to prove the North’s superiority and end this foolishness July 21, 1861 – First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) –ill-trained Yankee recruits swaggered out toward Bull Run to engage a smaller Confederate unit –They had run advertisements in local newspapers to come see the battle –Congressmen gathered in picnics to watch –Stonewall Jackson & confederates pushed the Union army into retreat –Proved it was going to be longer than a 90-day war

3. “Tardy George” McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign command of the Army of the Potomac (Union) was given to 34 year old General George B. McClellan –constantly believed that he was outnumbered –never took risks –held the army without moving for months –finally ordered by Lincoln to advance decided upon a water-borne approach to Richmond, called the Peninsula Campaign, taking about a month to capture Yorktown before coming to the Richmond –Lincoln then sent him after Stonewall Jackson –Jeb Stuart marched around him –June 26 to July 2, 1862 - Lee then launched a devastating counterattack (the Seven Days’ Battles)

4. Union strategy (total war) Suffocate the South through an oceanic blockade Free the slaves to undermine the South’s very economic foundations Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River (The Anaconda Plan) Chop the Confederacy to pieces by marching through Georgia and the Carolinas (Sherman’s March to the Sea) Capture its capital, Richmond, VA Try everywhere to engage the enemy’s main strength and grind it to submission

5. The War at Sea Union blockade was leaky at first, but it clamped down later Blockade-running (smuggling) was a risky but profitable business –Union navy also seized British freighters on the high seas, citing “ultimate destination” to the South biggest Confederate threat - an old U.S. warship reconditioned & plated with iron railroad rails: the Virginia (formerly called the Merrimack) Monitor arrived just in time to fight the Merrimack to a standstill, and the Confederate ship was destroyed later by the South to save it from the North

6. Pivotal Point: Antietam Sept 17, 1862 - McClellan’s men found a copy of Lee’s plans and were able to stop the Southerners at Antietam –single bloodiest day of the Civil War –Federal losses were 12,410, Confederate losses 10,700 European powers very close to helping the South, but after Antietam, that help faded Antietam was also the Union display of power that Lincoln needed to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. Now, the war wasn’t just to save the Union, it was to save the slaves a well

8. Proclamation without Emancipation Jan. 1, 1863 - announced the emancipation of slaves in the confederate territories, when the Union was rejoined –but slaves in the Border States (KY, MD, DE, MO) and the conquered territories were not liberated Lincoln freed the slaves where he couldn’t and wouldn’t free the slaves where he could many soldiers refused to fight for abolition and deserted many slaves, upon hearing the proclamation, left their plantations, –the Emancipation Proclamation did succeed in one of its purposes: the undermine the labor of the South Angry Southerners cried that Lincoln was stirring up trouble and trying to have a slave insurrection –Unfair of President Lincoln?

9. Blacks Battle Bondage At first, Blacks weren’t enlisted in the army as men ran low, these men were eventually allowed in by war’s end, Black’s accounted for about 10% of the Union army Southerners refused to recognize Black soldiers as prisoners of war –executed them as runaways and rebels –Fort Pillow, Tennessee, Blacks who had surrendered were massacred many others walked off of their jobs when Union armies conquered territory that included the plantations

10. Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg After Antietam, A. E. Burnside (known for sideburns) took over the Union army--lost badly- -at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on Dec. 13, 1862 “Fighting Joe” Hooker (known for his girls) was badly beaten at Chancellorsville, Virginia Lee now prepared to invade the North for the second and final time, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania General George G. Meade, who by accident took a stand atop a low ridge flanking a shallow valley and the Union and Confederate armies fought a bloody and brutal battle in which the North “won.”

12. War in the West Lincoln finally found a good general in Ulysses S. Grant fought under the ideal of “immediate and unconditional surrender.” –Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S. Grant besieged the city and captured it on July 4, 1863, thus securing the important Mississippi River Sherman Scorches Georgia General William Tecumseh Sherman was given command to march through Georgia he delivered, capturing and burning down Atlanta before completing his famous “march to the sea” at Savannah waging “total war” by cutting up railroad tracks, burning fields, and destroying everything

13. Grant Outlasts Lee Grant was a man who could send thousands of men out to die just so that the Confederates would lose he knew that he could afford to lose many men while Lee could not –Example: Cold Harbor, Union soldiers with papers pinned on their backs showing their names and addresses rushed the fort, and over 7000 died in a few minutes Grant and his men captured Richmond, burning it, and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse at Virginia in April 9 th of 1865 Aftermath of the Nightmare Civil War cost 600,000 men, $15 billion, and wasted the cream of the American crop slavery was destroyed Reconstruction was about to begin but the course was unsure

14. Martyrdom of Lincoln April 14, 1865 - Abraham Lincoln was shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth and died shortly thereafter –his sudden & dramatic death erased his shortcomings and made people remember him for his good things he would have almost certainly treated the South much better than they were actually treated during Reconstruction