1. NARSTO PM Assessment NARSTO PM Assessment Chapter 5: Spatial and Temporal Pattern TOC Introduction Data Global Pattern NAM Dust NAM Smoke NAM Haze NAM Total PM Local PM Speciated Seasonal Pattern TOCIntroductionDataGlobal PatternNAM DustNAM SmokeNAM Total PM The seasonal aerosol aerosol pattern at the IMPROVE sites is examined using two methodologies: – Seasonal Mass Balance Charts – Seasonal Percentile Frequency Charts

2. Background: Chemical Speciation of the Fine Mass From Previous Work: IMPROVE IMPROVE See Sisler & MalmSisler & Malm Over the most of the Eastern US, sulfates dominate the Fine Mass The Southeast is also influenced by organics, carbon and dust. Over the West, organics, nitrates and dust dominate

3. Method 1: Cumulative Seasonal PM2.5 Composition PM2.5 chemical components were calculated based on the CIRA methodologyCIRA methodology In addition, the the organics were (tentatively) further separated as Primary Smoke Organics (red) and Remainder organics (purple) PSO = 20*(K - 0.15*Si – 0.02* Na) Remainder Org = Organics - PSO Also, the ‘Unknown’ mass (white area) is the difference between the gravimetrically measured and the chemically reconstructed PM2.5. The daily chemical composition was aggregated over the available IMPROVE data range (1988-99) to retain the seasonal structure. I order to reduce the noise the daily data were smoothed by a 15-day moving average filter. Shenandoah

4. Method 2: Seasonal Percentiles, 1992-99 At Lye Brook, VT, the clean days (20 percentile) corresponds to ~4 ug/m3 throughout the year The dirty days are (80-90%-ile) have 2-5 times higher concentration than the clean days. Great Smoky Mtn. Lye Brook Clean days (20%) ‘Clean’ days (20%) Dirty days, 80-90% At the Smoky Mtn, the clean days in the winter are also ~4 ug/m3. However in the summer, even the ‘clean’ days have 14 ug/m3 PM2.5. The dirty days are have 2-3 times higher than the clean days through out the year. The charts depict the magnitude of seasonal and synoptic variation The synoptic-scale variation (day-to-day) can be measured by the 20-80 percentile spread

5. Regional Grouping of Sites For this presentation the IMPROVE sites were grouped as follows: –New England () –Mid-Atlantic () –Central EUS () –Peripheral () For each region, the seasonality is displayed for: –Chemical Mass Balance –Carbonaceous Mass Balance –Fine Particle Mass Percentiles –Coarse Mass Percentiles –Sulfate Percentiles –Fine Soil Percentiles –Tot. Carbon. + 'Unknown' Percentiles –Smoke Organics Percentiles

6. New England: Chemical Mass Balance Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

7. New England: Carbonaceous Mass Balance Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

8. New England: Fine Particle Mass Percentiles Fine mass Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

9. New England: Coarse Mass Percentiles Coarse mass Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

10. New England: Sulfate Percentiles Non-sea salt sulfate Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

11. New England: Fine Soil Percentiles Fine Dust Lye Brook Acadia

12. New England: Tot. Carbon + 'Unknown' Percentiles Carbonaceous Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

13. New England: Smoke Organics Percentiles Smoke organics Lye Brook MoosehornAcadia

14. Mid-Atlantic: Chemical Mass Balance Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

15. Mid-Atlantic : Carbonaceous Mass Balance Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

16. Mid-Atlantic: Fine Particle Mass Percentiles Fine mass Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

17. Mid-Atlantic: Coarse Mass Percentiles Coarse mass Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

18. Mid-Atlantic: Sulfate Percentiles Non-sea salt sulfate Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

19. Mid-Atlantic: Fine Soil Percentiles Fine dust Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

20. Mid-Atlantic: Tot. Carbon + 'Unknown' Percentiles Carbonaceous Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

21. Mid-Atlantic: Smoke Organics Percentiles Smoke organics Shenandoah Washington DCBrigantine Dolly SodsJefferson

22. Central EUS: Chemical Mass Balance Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

23. Central EUS: Carbonaceous Mass Balance Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

24. Central EUS: Fine Particle Mass Percentiles Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

25. Central EUS: Coarse Mass Percentiles Coarse mass Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

26. Central EUS: Sulfate Percentiles Non-sea salt sulfate Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

27. Central EUS: Fine Soil Percentiles Fine dust Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

28. Central EUS: Tot. Carbon + 'Unknown' Percentiles Carbonaceous Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

29. Central EUS: Smoke Organics Percentiles Smoke organics Upper BuffaloMammoth CaveShining Rock G.Smoky Mtn. Sipsy

30. Peripheral Sites: Chemical Mass Balance Eastern N. America is surrounded by aerosol source regions such as Sahara and Central America. As a consequence, the PM concentration at the ‘edges’ ranges between 4-15 ug/m3; much of it originating outside. The chemical composition of the inflow varies by location and season. Sahara dust, and smoke from Central America and W. US/Canada are the main contributions. Badlands (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Big Bend (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Voyageurs (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Acadia Everglades

31. Badlands (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Peripheral Sites: Carbonaceous Mass Balance Big Bend (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Voyageurs (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Acadia (scale 0-15 ug/m3) Everglades (scale 0-15 ug/m3)

32. Peripheral Sites: Fine Particle Mass Percentiles Badlands Big Bend VoyageursAcadia Everglades Fine mass

33. Peripheral Sites: Coarse Mass Percentiles Badlands Big Bend VoyageursAcadia Everglades Coarse mass

34. Peripheral Sites: Sulfate Percentiles Badlands Big Bend VoyageursAcadia Everglades Non-sea salt sulfate

35. Peripheral Sites: Fine Soil Percentiles Fine Dust Badlands Big Bend VoyageursAcadia Everglades

36. Peripheral Sites: Tot. Carbon + 'Unknown' Percentiles Carbonaceous Badlands Big Bend VoyageursAcadia Everglades

37. Peripheral Sites: Smoke Organics Percentiles Smoke organics Badlands Big Bend VoyageursAcadia Everglades

38. ‘Missing Fine Mass’ The gravimetric PM2.5 is generally higher than the reconstructed mass. The excess ‘Unknown’ gravimetric mass is highest in the Eastern US. The Unknown mass is highest in the summer, reaching ~3 ug/m3 near the Appalachian region. Coastal sites also show significant ‘missing mass’. In some areas, e.g. near the LA Basin, the gravimetric mass is less then the chemical mass. This tends to coincide with significant amount of aerosol nitrate. Indication of nitrate loss from the gravimetric filters?