1. Warm ups – March 2 nd, 2012 What is a Punnett square used for? What are the parental generation, first filial, and second filial generations symbolized by? If fluorescent red eye color was dominant, and white was recessive,and you crossed a red-eyed rat with a white-eyed rat, IN WHAT GENERATION would you first see the white-eyed trait appear?

2. O T T F F S S E __ What comes next?

3. O T T F F S S E __ It ’ s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares) NENE WOWO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 HREEHREE OUR OUR IVEIVE IXIX EVENEVEN IGHTIGHT 9 NINENINE

4. PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

5. Go to Section: Tossing Coins If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin 50 times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch tasks to produce a separate tally of the second set of 50 tosses. Add your results together to get a percentage heads or tails. Section 11-2 Interest Grabber

6. It can be written as a: Fraction ____ Percent ____ Ratio ____ ____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________ PROBABILITY 1/4 25% 1:3 likelihood event will occur

7. COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS capital http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ ____ ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip... So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses. 1/250%1:1

8. PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones _____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events. If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. The more flips... The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average. PAST DON ’ T FUTURE Probability best predicting large

9. DOMINANT/RECESSIVE _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ capital lower-case T t NOT S for short Dominant Recessive

10. HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________ EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is _________________ or _____________ Ex: ____ HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID HOMOZYGOUS PURE SAME TT tt DIFFERENT Tt

11. PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The ________________ of an organism is its _____________ The ____________of an organism is its _____________ GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE genetic makeup appearance

12. MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait = ____________________ A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this: MONOHYBRID CROSS ONE GENE

13. PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents _______________ go at top and on left side Boxes show ____________ ___________________ T TtTt possible offspring combinations Parent alleles

14. 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes

15. IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ T t LET ’ S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

16. PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T T _________   T T HOMOZYGOUS What gametes can it make?

17. PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? t t _________   t t HOMOZYGOUS What gametes can it make?

18. GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______ _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be TT t t T tT tT t T tT t T tT t TALL ALL 100 4

19. HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T t _________   T t HETEROZYGOUS What gametes can it make?

20. GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ ¼ = _____ Tt T t T TT T T t T tT t t tt t PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________ TT 75 Tt tt 3/4 1/4 SHORT TALL 25

21. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___ Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t R r

22. Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T TT

23. PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   rr rr

24. Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R r Rr

25. Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   Tt T t