1. ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration Chapter 4 Sections 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3

2. 4.1 How do living things get ATP? ATP is the energy carrier in living things. ATP is the energy carrier in living things. ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate. ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate. Living things get ATP from breaking down carbon based molecules. (carbohydrates & lipids) Living things get ATP from breaking down carbon based molecules. (carbohydrates & lipids) Starch molecule Glucose molecule

3. This is how it works phosphate removed ATP gives off energy when a phosphate group is removed and it becomes ADP

4. 4.2 & 4.3 Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight and converts it into sugar. The process of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight and converts it into sugar. This process happens in organisms called autotrophs or producers. (Need to make their own food) This process happens in organisms called autotrophs or producers. (Need to make their own food) This process takes place in and organelle called the chloroplast. This process takes place in and organelle called the chloroplast. The chloroplast has a green pigment in it called chlorophyll that is responsible for capturing the light energy. The chloroplast has a green pigment in it called chlorophyll that is responsible for capturing the light energy.

5. Let’s label the inside of a chloroplast C 6 H 12 O 6 Contains: chlorophyll 4. thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 3. 6H 2 O 7. 6CO 2 from the atmosphere 5. 6O 2 chloroplast 2 9 6. Energy carrying molecules are being transferred to light independent reactions stroma ( fluid outside the thylakoids ) 8. Light independent reaction 1.

6. So how does photosynthesis work? The first stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Dependent Stage. The first stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Dependent Stage. Light and water are used to produce ATP and oxygen is released Light and water are used to produce ATP and oxygen is released Occurs on the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts Occurs on the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts

7. So how does photosynthesis work? The second stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Independent Stage/ Calvin Cycle/ Dark Cycle. The second stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Independent Stage/ Calvin Cycle/ Dark Cycle. This process takes place in the stroma. This process takes place in the stroma. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is added from the atmosphere to help in chemical reactions to produce glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is added from the atmosphere to help in chemical reactions to produce glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

8. The chemical formula for photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (reactants) (products ) (reactants) (products ) Carbon dioxide plus water plus light yieldsGlucose and oxygen

9. Cellular Respiration & Fermentation 4.4, & 4.6

10. 4.4 & 4.6 – Overview of Cellular Respiration & Fermentation Key Concept: Key Concept: The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages. Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.

11. Purpose of Cellular Respiration To make ATP from the energy stored in glucose To make ATP from the energy stored in glucose Remember: the purpose of photosynthesis was just to get glucose Remember: the purpose of photosynthesis was just to get glucose

12. Cellular Respiration has 2 parts Anaerobic (does not require oxygen) Anaerobic (does not require oxygen) Glycolysis Glycolysis Aerobic (requires oxygen) Aerobic (requires oxygen) Kreb’s Cycle (Citric acid Cycle) Kreb’s Cycle (Citric acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

13. 4. 6CO 2 6. ETC: energy from glycolysis and 6O 2 enter 1. mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP 5. Energy transferred to 2 nd stage (aerobic stage) ATP 1 4 and Glycolysis: Anaerobic process in cytoplasm that splits glucose into two 3C molecules Makes 2 ATP 3. Kreb’s Cycle Takes place in: matrix of mitochondria; produces 2 ATP 2. 2 Pyruvates 7. 6 H 2 O produced and a large amount of ATP (32)

14. Glycolysis Anaerobic Anaerobic Takes place in cytoplasm (eukaryotes and prokaryotes do this step since all cells have cytoplasm) Takes place in cytoplasm (eukaryotes and prokaryotes do this step since all cells have cytoplasm) Splits one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules Splits one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules 2 ATPs are gained 2 ATPs are gained

15. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Aerobic Aerobic Takes place in matrix of mitochondria (only in eukaryotes) Takes place in matrix of mitochondria (only in eukaryotes) 2 pyruvate (made during glycolysis) enter the mitochondrion 2 pyruvate (made during glycolysis) enter the mitochondrion 2 ATPs are made 2 ATPs are made

16. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Aerobic Aerobic Takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae) Takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae) Oxygen is taken in and combines with hydrogens to release water Oxygen is taken in and combines with hydrogens to release water 32 ATP are made 32 ATP are made

17. ATP from Cellular Respiration 4 from Glycolysis (uses up 2, so really only gain 2 ATP) 4 from Glycolysis (uses up 2, so really only gain 2 ATP) 2 ATP from Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP from Kreb’s cycle 32 ATP from ETC 32 ATP from ETC GAIN 36 ATP from one glucose molecule GAIN 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

18. Equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36ATP  Like the reverse of photosynthesis

19. What happens when there’s no/not enough oxygen or there are no mitochondria? Answer: Fermentation Answer: Fermentation Two Kinds: Two Kinds: Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation