1. 07 Aug 2007 C1C Adam Stooke USAF Academy Physics Department SIST Outbrief C08Adam.Stooke@usafa.af.mil Supervisor: Yuriy Pischalnikov, Technical Division

2. Resonance Control: Pre-Load & A Case Study in Measurement

3. Outline Superconducting Radio Frequency (SCRF) Cavities Resonance & Tuning Measuring the Preload Current Configuration New Hardware Profile Recommended Improvements

4. Superconducting RF Cavity

5. Operational Hurdle: Cost Energy/Power Consumption Land, Materials, Production Precision

6. Energy Savings SC RF Cavities Electromagnetic Resonance Narrow-band Power Supply 1.3 GHz f 1/2 f 1/2 ≈ 200 Hz 1 µm  400 Hz

7. Detuning Microphonics Lorentz Force

8. Pulse Mode

9. Lorentz Force Detuning 35 MV/m  500 ~ 600 Hz

10. Tuning

11. Pre-Load

12. Data Analysis Tension! Fickle Calibration

13. Measurement Equipment

14. Measurement Sensitivities SS 316 E = 193 GPa 50 lbs  11.5 µε  8 mΩ

15. Temperature Calibration, SG @ 5 K, 80 mK  8 mΩ

16. RTD Calibration @ 5 K, 80 mK  4 Ω

17. Performance Profile Range Resolution Current 100  ……10 μ ............1 mA 1 k .............100 μ ..........1 mA 10 k  ……...1 m ..............100 μA 100 k  …….10 m ............10 μA 1 M ............100 m .........10 μA 10 M ..........1 ................1 μA Resolution Noise Reduction Mode Aperture Time LabVIEW 8.2 NI-DMM 2.7 (PXI 4071) NI-SWITCH 3.3 (PXI 2501) Vishay Resistor 350 Ω (0.005%) 4-wire measurement

18. Performance Profile SETTINGSRESULTS Range: 1 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 350.0485Range = 0.003 Noise- rej: high-orderApt. time: 6σ = 0.00052Time = 5.2 Range: 10 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 349.9684Range = 0.029 Noise- rej: high-orderApt. time: 6σ = 0.0044Time = 5.4 Range: 1 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 350.0516Range = 0.005 Noise- rej: second-orderApt. time: 2σ = 0.0013Time = 1.9 Range: 10 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 349.983Range = 0.11 Noise- rej: second-orderApt. time: 2σ = 0.030Time = 2.1 Range: 1 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 350.0524Range = 0.006 Noise- rej: normalApt. time: 1σ = 0.00078Time = 1.1 Range: 10 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 349.9845Range = 0.003 Noise- rej: normalApt. time: 1σ = 0.0021Time = 1.3 *Time is seconds for switching and reading 50 point multipoint*Each set of statistics covers 5,000 measurements SG: 8 mΩ

19. Performance Profile *Time is seconds for switching and reading 50 point multipoint*Each set of statistics covers 5,000 measurements SETTINGSRESULTS Range: 100 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 349.01Range = 0.862 Noise- rej: high-orderApt. time: 6σ = 0.20Time = 6.4 Range: 1 M  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 318.61Range = 3.81 Noise- rej: high-orderApt. time: 6σ = 0.68Time = 10.2 Range: 100 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 348.989Range = 0.242 Noise- rej: second-orderApt. time: 2σ = 0.038Time = 3.1 Range: 1 M  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 319.4Range = 4.977 Noise- rej: second-orderApt. time: 2σ = 1.0Time = 6.9 Range: 100 k  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 349.030Range = 0.244 Noise- rej: normalApt. time: 1σ = 0.038Time = 2.3 Range: 1 M  Resolution: 7 ½µ = 320.6Range = 9.174 Noise- rej: normalApt. time: 1σ = 2.1Time = 6.0 RTD: 4 Ω 1 µA

20. Performance Profile *Time is seconds for switch connect and 20 point multipoint read *Each set of statistics covers 200 measurements. SETTINGSRESULTS Resolution: 5 ½ Noise- rej: high-order µ = 346.6 σ = 7.1 Range = 35.04 Time = 5.08 Resolution: 6 ½ Noise- rej: high-order µ = 346.43 σ = 0.82 Range = 4.918 Time = 9.9 Resolution: 7 ½ Noise- rej: high-order µ = 346.36 σ = 0.36 Range = 2.236 Time = 32 Resolution: 5 ½ Noise- rej: second-order µ = 344.1 σ = 7.6 Range = 36.262 Time = 5.2 Resolution: 6 ½ Noise- rej: second-order µ = 346.50 σ = 0.86 Range = 4.93 Time = 9.9 Resolution: 7 ½ Noise- rej: second-order µ = 346.32 σ = 0.34 Range = 2.217 Time = 32 Resolution: 5 ½ Noise- rej: normal µ = 348 σ = 13 Range = 78.868 Time = 5.2 Resolution: 6 ½ Noise- rej: normal µ = 346.59 σ = 0.76 Range = 5.235 Time = 9.9 Resolution: 7 ½ Noise- rej: normal µ = 346.37 σ = 0.36 Range = 2.291 Time = 32 *Range is 10 MΩ for all. RTD: 4 Ω 1 µA

21. Sensor Improvements Reliability Accuracy How? Decrease demands

22. Bullet Modification Material SS 316: E = 193 GPa Al 2014-T4: E = 70 GPa Nearly 3 times the strain Size 10 x 10 x 10 mm 7.5 x 7.5 x 10 mm Nearly 2 times the stress Industry standard for measurements: 1000-1500 µε 50 lbs: 8 mΩ  40 mΩ 80 mK  400 mK Improve from 115 µε to ~600 µε

23. Bullet Modification RequirementMaterial Property Maximum Compressive Force: 10,000 N Maximum Compressive Stress: 178 MPa Compressive Strength: 425 MPa Shear Force: 450 N Shear Stress: 64 MPa Shear Strength: 262 MPa Spring constant >> 9 N/µm (Latest setting of CuBe 2 disc springs in HTS) Spring constant: 394 N/µm (1.93 kN/µm for SS 316, 1 cm 3 ) *Bullet material requirements and properties for a 7.5 x 7.5 x 10 mm bullet of aluminum 2014-T4

24. Gauge Modification Placement of Temperature Sensors

25. Gauge Modification Gauge Selection 4 K  Karma-alloy S-T-C number

26. Gauge Modification Gauge Configuration Wheatstone Bridge Full Poisson Bridge

27. Gauge Modification Gauge Configuration Wheatstone Bridge Half Bridge (Bending)

28. Conclusion Cavity Resonance Control Piezostack Preload Bullet & Strain Gauge Temperature Compensation New: Bullet SG Configuration Control & Measurement Hardware

29. Questions? C1C Adam Stooke USAF Academy Physics Department C08Adam.Stooke@usafa.af.mil Supervisor: Yuriy Pischalnikov Technical Division