1. Angiosperms Flowering plants
Most diverse group of plants (~275,000 species)
Divided into two taxonomic groups
Monocots
Dicots

2. Shoot System Vegetative – stem and leaves Floral – end in flowers
Photosynthesis
Floral – end in flowers
Reproductive structures

3. Shoot Morphology Nodes – leaves attach to stems
Internode – stem between nodes
Terminal bud – shoot tip
Axillary bud – base of node

4. Bulbs and Rhizomes

5. Runners and Tubers

6. Tendrils and Cladophylls

7. Leaf Morphology Monocots Dicots Parallel veins Multi-branched network
Palmate or pinnate veins
Blade
Petiole

9. Roots System Anchor plant Absorb and conduct water and nutrients
Store food

10. Types of Root Systems Fibrous Taproot Most monocots
Small, close to surface
Taproot
Most dicots
Long central root

11. Increased Surface Area
Root hairs
Extensions off of surface root cells
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic association between roots and fungi

12. Specialized Roots Store food Adventitious roots Thickened taproot
Example – carrot
Adventitious roots
Grow from stems
Example – prop roots of corn

13. Basic Plant Cell Anatomy

14. Parenchyma and Collenchyma Cells

15. Collenchyma Cells Thick primary cell walls
Most lack secondary cell walls
Stacked cylinders
Support young plants

16. Parenchyma Cells Thin and flexible primary cell wall
Most lack secondary cell walls
Large central vacuole
Photosynthesis and storage of food

17. Sclerenchyma Cells Rigid secondary cells wall with lignin
Protoplast die at maturity
Fibers – long thin bundles
Sclerids – short irregular shapes

18. Vascular Cells Xylem Phloem Water and minerals
Direction – roots to shoots
Phloem
Water, sugar, hormones
Both directions

19. Xylem Structure Tracheids
Bundles of small diameter tubes
Pits in end wall allows water and minerals to flow from cells to cell

20. Xylem Structure Vessel elements
Large diameter
End wall either absent or perforated
Pits allow water and minerals to flow between vessel element and tracheid
Vessel element die after development and add support to the plant

22. Phloem Structure Sieve-tube element Companion cells
End wall is perforated forming sieve plate
Lose most of their internal components – only has plasma membrane, few mitochondria and some endoplasmic reticulum
Companion cells
Support and nourish adjacent sieve-tube elements

25. Vascular system is a continuous network of tubes

26. Leaf Anatomy

27. Leaf Summary Stoma Spongy/palisade layer Epidermis Vascular bundle
Controls transpiration (water loss through leaves)
Spongy/palisade layer
Exchange of gases
Photosynthesis
Epidermis
Transparent
Wax coating to prevent water loss
Vascular bundle
Brings water and mineral to leaf through xylem
Sends sugars to roots through phloem

28. Stoma

29. Plant Tissues Dermal Ground Vascular Outside covering Epidermis
Stems and leaves – waterproof wax coating
Roots – root hairs – absorb water
Periderm
Bark
Ground
Photosynthesis, support, storage
Vascular
Transport
Xylem – water and minerals
Phloem – water, sugar, amino acids, hormones

31. Plant Growth Apical meristem Lateral meristem (cambia)
End of roots and shoots
Increases length – primary growth
Lateral meristem (cambia)
Cylinder of cells along roots, branches and stems
Increases width – secondary growth

33. Root Growth

34. Terminal Bud Growth

35. Monocot Stem

36. Dicot Stem

37. Dicot Secondary Growth

38. Annual Growth Rings