1. THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

2. THE NATURE OF SOUND zCOMPRESSION AND RARIFICATION OF AIR zWAVES OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE zTRANSMIT MECHANICAL FORCES

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE A T = WAVELENGTH A = AMPLITUDE f = 1/T FREQUENCY

4. ANATOMY OF THE EAR zOUTER EAR zMIDDLE EAR zINNER EAR

5. OUTER EAR zACTS TO FOCUS SOUND WAVES ON THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE zSHAPED LIKE A SOUND CONE

6. OUTER EAR PINNA CANAL

7. MIDDLE EAR zTHREE BONES LINK TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO OVAL WINDOW zVIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED MECHANICALLY

8. MIDDLE EAR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OVAL WINDOW BONES OF MIDDLE EAR COCHLEAR FLUID SOUND WAVE IN EAR CANAL

9. INNER EAR zSITE OF TRANSDUCTION zVIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE zHAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMED zAUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED AS HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE

10. INNER EAR OVAL WINDOW COCHLEA

11. STRUCTURE OF THE COCHLEA SCALA VESTIBULI COCHLEAR DUCT SCALA TYPANI OVAL WINDOW ROUND WINDOW

12. STRUCTURE OF COCHLEAR DUCT BASILAR MEMBRANE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE ORGAN OF CORTI

13. TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY STEROCILIA AUDITORY NERVE HAIR CELLS

14. TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES STEROCILIA BEND AUDITORY NERVE HAIR CELLS

15. FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION: LOCALIZATION OF DISPLACEMENT OF BASILAR MEMBRANE BASE APEX HIGH LOW MID

16. AUDITORY PATHWAYS COCHLEA VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS MIDLINE DORSAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS SUPERIOR OLIVE INFERIOR COLLICULUS INFERIOR COLLICULUS

17. AUDITORY PATHWAYS (CONT.) MIDLINE SUPERIOR OLIVE INFERIOR COLLICULUS INFERIOR COLLICULUS MEDIAL GENICULATE MEDIAL GENICULATE TEMPORAL CORTEX TEMPORAL CORTEX

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE A T = WAVELENGTH A = AMPLITUDE f = 1/T FREQUENCY

19. PROPERTIES OF AUDITORY NERVE CELLS zEACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY zTHIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA zTONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREA zSOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCY zSOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE

20. SOUND LOCALIZATION zINTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE zTIME DELAY BETWEEN TWO EARS zALSO INTENSITY DIFFERENCES

21. DISORDERS OF AUDITION zLOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC zTINNITUS: RINGING zCONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE EAR zCENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND LESIONS

22. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS zSEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION zTHREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL zUTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES

23. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS:UTRICLE & SACCULUS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE AMPULLA UTRICLE & SACCULUS

24. THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE- GELATINOUS LAYER OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS)

25. THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE- GELATINOUS LAYER OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) HEAD MOVEMENT

26. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: SEMICIRCULAR CANALS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE AMPULLA UTRICLE & SACCULUS

27. THE AMPULLA HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS

28. THE AMPULLA HAIR CELLS BENT NERVE CELLS FIRE INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT MOVEMENT OF HEAD

29. VESTIBULAR INFLUENCE ON EYE MOVEMENTS zVESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX:COMPENSATES FOR HEAD MOVEMENT WHILE GAZING ON OBJECT zSACCADE:FAST MOVEMENT OF EYES IN DIRECTION OF HEAD MOTION zNYSTAGMUS:SLOW AND FAST MOVEMENTS OF EYES DURING ANGULAR ACCELERATION