1. Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Energy and the Environment James A. Fay / Dan S. Golomb CHAPER 11 Global Warming and Climate Change

2. Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Energy and the Environment James A. Fay / Dan S. Golomb FIGURE 11.1 Solar spectrum at the top of the atmosphere (upper curve) and at sea level (lower curve). Shaded areas indicate absorption of radiation by atmospheric molecules. The dashed curve is the radiance spectrum of a black body heated to 5,900 K, scaled to the solar irradiance curve at the top of atmosphere. (Data from Valley, S.L., ed. Handbook of Geophysics. Bedford: U.S. Air Force, 1965.)

3. Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Energy and the Environment James A. Fay / Dan S. Golomb FIGURE 11.2 Earth spectrum (“earth-shine”) as observed from the Nimbus-7 satellite. Major absorption bands by greenhouse gases are indicated. (Adapted from Liou, K. N. Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation. New York: Academic Press,1980.)

4. Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Energy and the Environment James A. Fay / Dan S. Golomb FIGURE 11.3 Schematic of the greenhouse effect.

5. Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Energy and the Environment James A. Fay / Dan S. Golomb FIGURE 11.4 Effect of increased greenhouse gas concentration on surface temperature and vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere.