1. English Verb Review The foundation for English sentences.

2. There are three verb tenses you learned about in Level E. The simple tenses Simple present tense (He walks to school.) Simple past tense (He walked to school.) The progressive tenses Present progressive (He is walking to school.) Past progressive (He was walking to school.) The future tenses Future will (He will walk to school.) Future going to (He is going to walk to school.)

3. There are two simple tenses: 1. Simple present = the tense of facts Used to describe what usually happens Amber works in the IELP. Used to talk about scientific facts Water boils at 212°F (100°C). Used with adverbs of frequency Amber usually arrives early to PSU. Used with non-action verbs Right now, Amber wants a donut!

4. 2. Simple past = the tense of finished facts Used to describe things that are finished. Amber worked in South Korea. Used with the past progressive to talk about one action interrupted by another (complex sentences) She was reading when the police arrived. Used when the focus of the action is on its completion Amber worked as an office manager.

5. Pay Attention! A complex sentence with both verbs in the simple past has a different meaning from one with a verb in the simple past and the other in the past progressive. Both past = the 2 actions were at different times. When she saw the storm clouds, she drove home. One past and one progressive = one action was in progress when the other action occurred When she saw the storm clouds, she was driving home. 1st 2nd 1st

6. Remember… The affirmative simple tenses are just one verb They are eat breakfast every morning. They did ate breakfast every morning. The negative simple tenses use the helping DO + not I not hear the music. I not heard the music. Simple tense questions also use the helping DO He has a dog? He had a dog? eat ate do not hear did not hear Does he have Did he have

7. Simple tense clues… Simple present Adverbs of frequency (Amber always drinks coffee.) Every + noun (Amber teaches every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.) [scientific fact or truth] (Water boils at 100°C.) Simple past Yesterday (Amber fell down yesterday.) Last + noun (Last week, Amber saw her brother.) Amount + ago (1 year ago, Topaz was born.) In + time (In 2010, Topaz was born.)

8. You also learned about the progressive tenses in Level E 1. Present progressive = the tense of NOW Used to describe what is happening right now Amber is talking to us. Used to describe something happening in the extended present time You are taking Grammar/Writing 2. Used to show that the action is temporary I’m taking IELP classes before I take regular university classes.

9. 2. Past progressive = the tense of duration Used to describe an action in progress at a time in the past Amber was living in Salem, OR in 1990. Used with the simple past to talk about one action interrupted by another (complex sentences) She was reading when the police arrived. Used with while to show 2 actions at the same time in the past I was studying while Cesar was making dinner.

10. Remember… The affirmative progressive tenses are two verbs They are eat breakfast right now. They did ate breakfast at 7 am yesterday. The negative progressive tenses just add not after BE I am listening to the music. I was listening to the music. Progressive tense Y/N questions just move helping BE He is walking his dog? He was walking his dog? are eating were eating am not listening to was not listening to Is he walking Was he walking

11. Progressive tense clues… Present progressive (right) now (Amber is drinking coffee right now.) While (While Amber is teaching, her daughter is at home.) [extended present time] (Amber’s students are living in Portland.) Past progressive Time clause sentences (Before Amber moved to Newberg, she was living in Portland.) While (Amber saw her grandma while she was visiting.) In progress in past (Last week, Cesar was walking to work.) (Eighteen years ago, Amber was attending high school.)

12. Finally, you learned about the future tenses in Level E 1. Future will = the tense of the future Used to talk about the future We will have a party next week. Used to talk about future intentions or plans, especially when decided at the moment of speaking I will bring the cookies and plates.

13. 2. Future be going to = the tense of the future Used to talk about the future We are going to have a party next week. Used to talk about predictions or guesses, especially when something in the present helps you predict the future Look at those clouds! It is going to rain soon.

14. 3. Future present progressive = the tense of the arranged future Used to talk about future plans that are already arranged We are having a party in May. I’m visiting my cousin in San Francisco next month.

15. 4. Future simple present= the tense of the scheduled future Used to talk about scheduled future events, especially timetables, programs, and schedules My plane leaves next Friday at noon. Summer classes starts in mid-June.

16. Comma rules for simple sentences Usually they don’t require a comma - I live in Newberg, OR. The man behind the case of flowers is my father. There are four Saudis and six Koreans in my class. Do not write a comma between two words or phrases I like ice cream and candy. The ball went behind the sofa and under the desk. She is the top student and my best friend.

17. Comma rules for compound sentences Always write a comma before the conjunction I live in Newberg, and I work in Portland. He is sleeping right now, but he’ll call you later. I lost my purse, so I called the police. Do not write a comma between two words or phrases I like ice cream and candy. The ball went behind the sofa and under the desk. She is the top student and my best friend.

18. Comma rules for complex sentences YES! write a comma if the dependent clause is 1 st. Although I live in Newberg, I work in Portland. Because he is sleeping right now, he’ll call you later. Since I lost my purse, I called the police. NO! do not write a comma if the dependent clause is 2 nd. I work in Portland although I live in Newberg. He’ll call you later because he is sleeping right now. I called the police since I lost my purse. No comma when in the middle of the sentence!