2. Goal – to apply the ST and S-F (and other approaches) to real-world analysis. To understand the factors to be compared and the data used in empirical study. Understand democracy 1.Finish S-F diagram 2.Using the typological approach – the three world’s model vs McCormick’s a)What will we learn from analyzing the data presented in AR 11? b)Identify 5 empirical statements you can make from AR #11 c)Write 3 normative statements you can write based on AR # 11 d)Develop 5 comparative questions that you want answered based on the data presented. i.e. If the US has a higher crime rate than Britain, What distributive public policies have led to lower crime? (ST 5) Do the state and its policies have higher legitimacy in UK than US (st1 & st3 3.Democracy according to Kesselman: a)Identify the 5 democratic conditions ( minimum political features) necessary for a political system to be typed as democratic – How are these qualified? 4.Democracy according to Powell AR #13 a)Identify and explain the preconditions for democratic consolidation b)Do you agree that these are the main characteristics and preconditions? What should be added or removed to make our understanding of democracy more complete and accurate? c)How does the Briefing paper compare to Kesselman? AP Comp Day 7 – How and WHAT will we compare?

3. Repairing Democracy Promotion By Thomas CarothersSpecial to washingtonpost.com's Think Tank Town Friday, September 14, 2007; 12:00 AM U.S. democracy promotion is in a deeply troubled state. The Bush administration's close identification of democracy building with the war in Iraq has discredited the concept both at home and abroad. America's standing as a global symbol of democracy and human rights has been crippled by the many U.S. abuses of the rule of law in the war on terrorism.

4. Preconditions for transitioning to consolidation 1 – civil society 2 – political society of rules, institutions and processes 3 – rule of law 4 – professional, permanent, apolitical bureaucracy and military 5 – economic society that has freedom within limits Typology Consolidated Democracy – long lasting democracy with deep and extensive democratic characteristics. Transitional Democracy – in the process of moving towards consolidation somewhere along a continuum, but where non-democratic characteristics like corruption, arbitrariness, violence, unfree or unfair electoral actions, untamed military. Authoritarianism – arbitrary power rests in the hands of one or a few

5. 1.Variables to study 1.Political variables 2.Economic variables 3.Social variables 2.The 6 arenas 1.Liberal democracies 2.Communist and Post-Communist (Formerly the 2 nd world) 3.Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC) (transitioning from 3 rd to 1 st world status) 4.Less Developed Countries (LDC) (formerly the 3 rd World) 5.Islamic Countries 6.Marginal Countries (Formerly the bottom of the 3 rd World) McCormick’s Typology approach

6. Legitimacy A significant segment of the citizenry must believe that the state acts with some moral authority. People believe that the state has the right to issue rules binding for people within their borders - Kesselman People believe that rules should be followed voluntarily because they are in the best interests of all citizens. – Palmer People have the feeling that the regime’s rule is rightful and should be obeyed.- Roskin Some key legitimizing factors – Transparency, free elections, compatibility of system with culture, open and free press, economic success, improved living standards, rule of law, access to quality public services, civil rights, responsiveness to inputs, civil society, accountability, political efficacy, absence of relative deprivation

7. Rule of Law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its officials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government. Also called constitutionalism. - Magstadt the principle that legal rules rather than arbitrary or personal decisions determine what happens – Hauss governments can take no action that has not been authorized by law and that citizens can be punished only for actions violating existing laws- A & P

8. Civic Culture Culture characterized by by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy - Hauss A political culture characterized by 1)most citizens’ acceptance of the authority of the state but also 2) a general belief in civic duties… participation is mixed with passivity, trust and a deference to authority – Wynn

9. Civil Society The web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy - Hauss an extensive network of interest groups and public participation …social and political interactions free of state control or regulation, such as community groups, voluntary associations and even religious groups – A+P space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state like professional associations, trade unions, student and women’s groups…similar to society although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society - Kesselman

10. 1.Free and fair competitive elections with rules and regularity 2.Freedom of assembly and party activity 3.Procedures w/o arbitrariness, due process, transparency in policy-making and accountability 4.Civil liberties and rights w/ political equality 5.Independent judiciary with power over other institutions of gov’t Kesselman’s Democracy – minimum political features

11. 1 – political accountability – state must be able to be held accountable by the governed 2 – political competition – alternation of power must be possible for different political parties and the losers must accept the winner’s right to govern 3 – political freedom – citizens must have the rights to participate and be informed – must have rule of law and independent judiciary 4 – political equality – all citizens must be able to participate in politics with their votes and voices weighted equally Kesselman’s Democracy

12. 1.Democracy is not necessarily wise or rational – democracy is empirical – it defines a type of system. Do not imply normative positive values 2.Democracy can be inequitable 3.No country is completely democratic 4.Contentiousness of issues often result in legitimate and valid positions that result competing democratic “rights” whereby there is a winner and loser, where the loser believes that the decision may be illegitimate 5.Economic inequalities stack the deck against the poor in the arena of politics 6.Many different institutional types of democracies, not just presidential – each may appear more or less “democratic” but in reality are just different manifestations. Kesselman - Qualification of the Democracy definition

13. For a system to be typed as having transitioned from authoritarianism through the transitional democracy types to being a consolidated democracy, the system must have: 1.met the five conditions of democracy a)Free fair elections b)Freedom of political assembly c)Regime has accountability based on fixed, knowable, transparent procedures d)Civil and political rights e)Independent judiciary 2.Been in existence for some kind of length of time 3.Democratic practices that have become deeply ingrained and the five conditions have been met relatively consistently Kesselman - Preconditions for consolidation Authoritarian Transitional Democracies Electoral authoritarian Illiberal proceduralSubstantive D

14. process Democratization is the process by which a nation-state moves from non-democracy through procedural to fully consolidated substantive democracy. This has happened in three waves 1.19 th and early 20 th C – US, UK, France (sorta), Canada, et al 2.After WWII as empires crumbled and fascism failed 3.70’s through 90’s as communism and the USSR failed and the authoritarians throughout saw their fragile economies and corrupt leadership styles become illegitimated Democratization Briefing Paper

15. Substantive Democracy – like Kesselman’s enduring or consolidated democracy Procedural democracy – has the basics like a newly transitional democracy, but not consolidated yet Illiberal democracy – has the appearance of democracy, like a Potemkin Village, but the underlying factors do not exist to much extent Electoral authoritarianism – non-democracies who pretend to be democratic Democratization Briefing Paper

16. There needs to be commitment by elites and polity for democracy and ripeness in the conditions in society Level of economic development – while not necessary, it is often an important catalyst in producing modernization: a.an environment of education, b.widespread information media, c.improved infrastructure for information and transportation, d.leading to civil society and better living standards. All of this helps to lead to democratization. International and regional environment of democracy – if the world, trading partners and neighbors want democracy, it puts pressure on system to democratize But If modernization leads to complex states, with complex and very valuable system outputs, there is significantly increased pressure for corruption leading to criteria of authoritarianism Briefing Paper Briefing Paper - Preconditions of Democratization

17. Substantive democracy – consolidation includes 1.Democratic competition accepted by all major actors seeking political influence 2.Citizen participation 3.Rule of law 4.Society has accepted the values of competitive parties, independent judiciaries, subordinated militaries, and the rule of law 5.Continued modernization and improved standards of living – generally, but not always Democratization Briefing Paper

18. Preconditions of Democratization 1.Level of economic development – while not necessary, it is often an important catalyst in producing modernization: a.an environment of education, b.widespread information media, c.improved infrastructure for information and transportation, d.leading to civil society and better living standards. e.All of this helps to lead to democratization. 2.International and regional environment of democracy – if the world, trading partners and neighbors want democracy, it puts pressure on system to democratize Preconditions for consolidation 1 – civil society 2 – political society of rules, institutions and processes 3 – rule of law 4 – professional, permanent, apolitical bureaucracy and military 5 – economic society that has freedom within limits Kesselman AR#15 - Briefing Paper

19. Substantive/consolidated democracy Democratic competition accepted by all major actors seeking political influence Political and Civil rights Civil society Multiple & free sources of info Citizen participation Rule of law Independent judiciary Society has accepted the values of competitive parties, independent judiciaries, subordinated militaries, and the rule of law Continued modernization and improved standards of living Consolidated democracy Free and fair competitive elections with rules and regularity Freedom of assembly and party activity Procedures w/o arbitrariness, due process, transparency in policy-making and accountability Civil liberties & rights w/ political equality Independent judiciary with power over other institutions of gov’t political freedom civil society political society of rules, institutions and processes rule of law professional, permanent, apolitical bureaucracy and military economic society that has freedom within limits Kesselman AR#15 - Briefing Paper

20. 1.Independence 2.Breakdown of authoritarianism a.Can be top down a.Military dealmaking b.Death of the leader b.Bottom up a.Economic problems b.Education and civil society development 3.Democratic institutions and practices – procedural democracy 4.Consolidation Briefing Paper - process of democratization During “transition” a country needs:  Civil society  Contingent consent  Contingent consent political culture – belief in the value of compromise  Elections  Elections becoming freer and fairer  Development of political and communication freedom  Development of rules and accountability procedures  Decreasing use of coercion, repression and force and the development of values against these tools

21. 1.Further consolidation can occur if a.Economic and social development/ modernization occurs b.Citizens culture accepts the principles of democracy and demand them c.Institutions must follow the rules and continue to promote the criteria of democracy d.Public policies must continue to advance democratic criteria rather than retard them 2.If democratization deepens, then: a.Less likely to enter into war b.Much less likely for human rights abuses c.No genocide d.Few life-threatening problems like famine 3.Unclear if democracy leads to improved education, economics, life expectancy, or if these factors ae causes of democracy Briefing Paper – outcomes of democratization process

22. 1.Elected officials make policy within constitutional limits w/o veto from informal or unelected sources or from super- sovereign influences from abroad 2.competitive, fair, free, non-coercive & regular elections 3.practically full universal suffrage 4.Practically universal right to run for office 5.Free and noncoercive right to expression 6.Free, widely available & multiple information sources 7.Civil society Plus 2 – 1. elected officials cannot be vetoed by unelected bodies like the military 2. Sovereignty of political system – cannot be vetoed by external system S and K - Procedures Democracy in a nation-state:

23. 1.“contingent consent” 1.Agreement that electoral winners get to rule, but winners cannot freeze out opposition 2.Citizens must follow rules, currently agreed to or not, so long as there is legitimacy based partially on belief that free elections will occur later rule of law 2.There does not have to be consensus, just rule of law consistent with the political culture or set of political norms opportunity 3.Must be opportunity for alternation of power and policy S and K’s factors of feasibility for Democracy in a nation-state are: