1. Behavioral Theory Part 2

2. Reinforcers and Punishers O A reinforcer INCREASES behavior O A punisher DECREASES behavior

3. Types of Reinforcers O Positive reinforcers: O Desired behavior a reward= causes an increase in future performance of desired behavior O Negative reinforcers O Negative stimulus desired behavior removal of stimulus= increase in future performance of desired behavior

4. Extinction O The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn. O Rarely a smooth process O Typically a burst, then gradual decrease O Locked door example

5. Let’s Practice Positive and Negative Reinforcement O The beeping in your car to buckle your seat belt O Giving students praise after they clear their desks and wait quietly for directions O Chance to get out of time-out for good behavior

6. Reinforcement O The Premack Principle is when a preferred activity is a reinforcer for a less- preferred activity O Often referred to as “Grandma’s Rule” O “If you eat your broccoli then you can have ice cream” O If-----Then

7. Reinforcers for the Classroom O Praise O Attention O Grades and recognition O Call home O Home-based reinforcement O Privileges O Activity reinforcers (earn free time or recess) O Tangible reinforcers (tickets, points, or stickers) O Food O Best way to determine possible reinforcers for your students is to observe what students choose to do in their free time

8. Schedules of Reinforcement O Ratio refers to number of times behavior occurs O Interval refers to period of time

9. Schedules of Reinforcement O Fixed Ratio- a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of behaviors (ex- “As soon as you finish 10 problems, you can go outside”) O Variable Ratio- the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is unpredictable, but it is certain that the behaviors will be reinforced. Produce high and stable rates of behavior; hard to extinct behavior (ex- randomly checking student work). O Fixed Interval- Reinforcement is available only at certain periodic times (ex- final exam) O Variable Interval- Reinforcement is available at some times but not at others, and we have no idea when a behavior will be reinforced (ex- Obey traffic laws because you know the police randomly check compliance).

10. Schedules of Reinforcement O Show what you know! O Slot machine that pay off after an indeterminate number of uses O Pay check O Putting money in a coke machine O Pop quiz O Raising hand to give an answer

11. O What are some “Practical Reinforcers” for teachers to use in the classroom?

12. Punishment O Punishment: A punisher should DECREASE an undesirable behavior ★ If an apparently unpleasant consequence does not reduce the frequency of the behavior then it is not necessarily a punisher. O For example, some students like to be sent out to the hall or to the principal’s office because it releases them from the classroom; in this cases this would not be a punisher

13. Punishment O Examples of punishers O Scolding (Embarrassment) O Taking away privileges O Time-out or “social isolation”: removing a student from a situation who is misbehaving O More effective for younger children O Frequently used in special education classes O The length of time-out should be the child’s age (ex- a 6 year old should be in time-out for 6 minutes) O Place them in an uninteresting room O Ensure that the student remain in the time- out situation

14. O What can Behavioral theories can you identify in this video? O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba -WHk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba -WHk