1. The Crusades

2. Call to Fight Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope to help in fighting the Seljuk Turks (Muslim) Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope to help in fighting the Seljuk Turks (Muslim) Pope Urban II took opportunity to showcase papal leadership Pope Urban II took opportunity to showcase papal leadership Cause: take back holy lands from Muslims Cause: take back holy lands from Muslims Urban II challenged Christians to take up weapons and join in a holy war Urban II challenged Christians to take up weapons and join in a holy war Pope promised fighters “remission of sins” Pope promised fighters “remission of sins” Over next 300 years, a number of such Crusades were launched. Over next 300 years, a number of such Crusades were launched.

3. Reasons Reasons for Joining Reasons People joined crusading bands for a variety of reasons – –Religious fervor, adventure, chance to fight, gain territory, riches, possibility of a title – –Pope and kings saw it as an opportunity to free Europe from young nobles who disturbed the peace and wasted lives and energy fighting one another

4. First Crusade 1096-1099 1096-1099 Attempt to recapture the holy city of Jerusalem Attempt to recapture the holy city of Jerusalem Crusaders wore red crosses on their tunics Crusaders wore red crosses on their tunics –Most Crusaders were French, but Bohemians, Germans, English, Scots, Italians, and Spaniards came as well. Battle cry—”God wills it!” Battle cry—”God wills it!” –Pope assured those who died would have a place in Heaven Crusaders were ill-prepared Crusaders were ill-prepared –Couldn’t agree on a leader –No grand strategy –Knew nothing about climate, geography, or culture of region –Lack of food and water, disease was common, not prepared for heat of Middle East

5. Depiction of First Crusade

6. Second Crusade 1147-1149 1147-1149 Response to the city of Edessa being captured by Muslims (Christians want to take the city back) Response to the city of Edessa being captured by Muslims (Christians want to take the city back) This crusade was a failure (Defeated in Edessa and Jerusalem was taken by Muslim leader Saladin) This crusade was a failure (Defeated in Edessa and Jerusalem was taken by Muslim leader Saladin)

7. Third Crusade 1189-1192 1189-1192 Came about when Jerusalem fell to Muslims in 1187 to Saladin Came about when Jerusalem fell to Muslims in 1187 to Saladin 3 important rulers agreed to lead forces 3 important rulers agreed to lead forces –Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany –Richard I the Lionhearted of England –Phillip II Augustus, King of France

8. Third Crusade Not successful Not successful Barbarossa drowned and his army fell apart Barbarossa drowned and his army fell apart Richard and Phillip had some success along the coast, but failed miserably inland Richard and Phillip had some success along the coast, but failed miserably inland Phillip goes back home after arguing with Richard Phillip goes back home after arguing with Richard Richard and Saladin both brilliant warriors. Richard and Saladin both brilliant warriors. Richard manages to negotiate a settlement with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem Richard manages to negotiate a settlement with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

9. Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 1202-1204 Saladin died in 1193 and Pope Innocent initiates another Crusade led by Venetian leaders Saladin died in 1193 and Pope Innocent initiates another Crusade led by Venetian leaders Suppose to be headed to holy land, but see opportunity to take Byzantium and eliminate their trade competition Suppose to be headed to holy land, but see opportunity to take Byzantium and eliminate their trade competition Christians crusaders attack the Christian city Christians crusaders attack the Christian city –Loot Constantinople –Religious spirit of the first Crusade faded and the search for personal gain grew.

10. Effect on Europe Benefited Italian port cities of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa Benefited Italian port cities of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa First widespread attacks on Jews First widespread attacks on Jews –Believed Jews were responsible for the “murder of Christ” Lessened power of Pope and nobles Lessened power of Pope and nobles

11. Other Crusades Children’s Crusades of 1212 Children’s Crusades of 1212 –12 year old Stephen of France leads 30,000 kids under the age of 18  Armed with only belief that God would give them Jerusalem.  On march south to Mediterranean, many died from cold and starvation  Rest drowned at sea or sold into slavery. –Nicholas of Germany leads 20,000 kids and young adults.  Began marching to Rome – thousands died in cold and treacherous Alps  Those who did survive the trip to Italy met the Pope but were told to go home and wait until they were older.  About 2,000 survived the return trip back to Germany.

12. Other Crusades Reconquista Christians fight to drive Muslims (Moors) out of Spain from 1100 to 1492 Christians fight to drive Muslims (Moors) out of Spain from 1100 to 1492 Long effort by the Spanish to drive Muslims out of Spain Long effort by the Spanish to drive Muslims out of Spain

13. Other Crusades Spain had INQUISITION INQUISITION Unifying agent – country under Christianity Unifying agent – country under Christianity Increase power of Christian leaders Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain Increase power of Christian leaders Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain Inquisition was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy – expel non-Christians Inquisition was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy – expel non-Christians –Different religious beliefs  Heretics –people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church –Forced conversion  If did convert, inquisitors still suspected them of heresy –Torture used  A person suspected might be questioned for weeks or event tortured, once confess, often burned at the stake.

14. Funny Takes on the Spanish Inquisition Monty Python Monty Python Monty Mel Brooks Mel BrooksBrooks

15. Effects of Crusades Power of Church Power of Church Increased status of Women Increased status of Women Expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia Expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia Failures of later Crusades weakens Pope and nobles – increases king’s power Failures of later Crusades weakens Pope and nobles – increases king’s power Lasting bitterness between Christians and Muslims Lasting bitterness between Christians and Muslims