1. Cladograms = a diagram that we use to show phylogenies A phylogeny = evolutionary history Cladograms: -show relationships between organisms -are assembled using evidences of evolution -can be changed with new data

2. Example 1 After which animal did protection from the elements arise?
Branch points indicate a common
ancestor
Direction of time
After which animal did protection from the elements arise?

3. Example 2
What does all life stem from according to this picture?

4. Example 3

5. How do you build a cladogram?

6. Step 1: Create a table listing all the characteristics of the organisms
Hair
Bipedal
(walks on two legs)
Tail
Foot flexibility
Written Language
Human
Ape
Mouse
Monkey

7. Step 2: put an X in the boxes that have the trait (for each organism)
Hair
Bipedal
Tail
Foot Flexibility
Written Language
Human X x
Ape
Mouse
Monkey

8. Step 3: count up the Xs. The more Xs the older the trait.
Hair
Bipedal
Tail
Foot Flexibility
Written Language
Human X x
Ape
Mouse
Monkey
Total 4 3 2 1

9. Step 4: Draw a diagonal line to represent time
Step 4: Draw a diagonal line to represent time. Each point will represent a common ancestor. Each branch is a new species. Traits are written on the main line.
Mouse
hair

10. Step 5: Continue until the cladogram is complete
Ape
Human
Monkey
Written language
Mouse
Tail
bipedal
hair

11. You try… Characteristic Sponge Jellyfish Flatworm Earthworm
Cells with flagella X
Body Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Segmented body