1. The Bessemer Process - 1856 Henry Bessemer patented the process making the production of steel easier and cheaper. The Bessemer Process EQUALS Mass Production in steel industry

2. Process involves injecting air into molten iron to burn off excess carbon and other impurities.

4. Products Made of Iron From the Vulcan Museum

8. As a result, a new age of building began. The Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel cables suspended from high towers, was made possible by mass production.

9. Early Skyscrapers Strong steel plus elevators mean that America’s teeming cities can now grow upwards!

10. “Old-timer – keeping up with the boys. Many structural workers are above middle-age.” Lewis Hine

11. Construction worker on lunch break while building the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center, 1932

12. Elevators Elijah Otis Inventor It took another innovation to begin the transformation of cities

13. Meanwhile on the farm… Mechanical Reapers Sod busting plows Mechanized tractors Means less help was needed on the farm

14. The Railroads On May 10, 1869, the transcontinental railroad, extending from coast to coast, was finished with the hammering of a golden spike at Promontory, Utah.

15. Railroads and Industry Railroads help to revolutionize business and industry by doing the following four things:

16. Railroads and Industry Provided a faster and practical way to transport goods Lowered the costs of producing goods Created national markets for buying goods Encouraged innovation in other industries

18. The growth of railroads led to the development of many towns throughout the western part of the United States. In 1883, the railroads adopted a national system of time zones to improve scheduling. a system we still use today.