1. UNIT ONE All in the Family

3. A Working Definition of Family The Vanier Institute of the Family (a Canadian organization founded in 1965 to conduct research on the family) uses this definition: Family is defined as any combination of 2 or more persons who are bound together over time by ties of mutual consent, birth, &/or adoption/placement and who, together, assume responsibilities for variant combinations of some of the following: _________________

4. The 6 Functions of the Family Shirley Zimmerman (1988) – Anthropological research concludes: Families are responsible for the addition of new members through reproduction. A society must maintain a stable population to survive. Population growth provides a competitive advantage that usually enables a society to become wealthier Families provide physical care for their members, including the adults, their children, and the dependent elderly members. When families are unable to care for their members, hardship will result unless the society is organized to replace the family in this function.

5. Families _________ children by teaching them the skills, knowledge, _______, and attitudes of their society. Children who learn these are able to work and relate to others within appropriate adult roles. Families are responsible ____________________ _____________________________________to maintain order within the family and within the society in which they live. Families monitor and evaluate the behaviour of the individuals and provide feedback. This social control contributes to the socialization process and protects the reputation of all individuals identified with the family group within the society.

6. Families maintain morale and motivate individuals to participate in society. The commitment to the family may be based on a spiritual sense of duty, or economic necessity. Here in Canada, people assume that ___________ ____________ – that is, meeting the emotional needs of individuals – is the foundation of our commitment to each other. Families perform the economic function of producing & consuming goods & services. At one time, each family ________ all the goods & services that it __________, & used only what it could produce.

7. The Family in History Different cultural groups in Canada have organized their family structures in different ways, influenced by such factors as:

8. The Family in History The Origin of the Family Will never be known precisely of where, when why or how the family emerged. Anthropologists researching for past 100 years – Jane Goodall. Studied primates & other isolated groups Studied fossil evidence Studied isolated human groups that have not been influenced by other human societies Many theories developed explaining origin of family. First grouping of humans into family units may have occurred because of our _________ ____________: Infants born with large heads to hold the brain and therefore are helpless and dependant on others Need family groupings in order to survive because they provide nurturing, care, protection and socialization which is required for the young

9. Hordes  Consisting of a loose grouping of males and females and their offspring  May have had common characteristics with the social organization of the chimpanzee group  For survival of the horde, our ancestors developed taboos against aggression & sexual activity to ensure peace and cooperation  A system of social organization develops on kinship  Informal _____________ = ______________  Men and women likely dependent on each other as men hunted and women gathered food for survival

10. The Family in History The Hunters-Gathers Ancestral Families: Hunting & gathering were the major means of sustenance  Women gathered fruits, nuts, grains, herbs & small prey, and nurtured young children  Men were hunters & tool makers  Diet contained mostly _____  Women consumed 2/3 more calories than the group. Because of their role as ________ _________ - women were essential to groups’ survival

11. Marriage: An early family consisted of a group of parents & their children  Dominated until the development of agriculture - Couples marrying in stable hunter-gatherer society  A man could help support his children until they were about _______________  Fathers of specific children, rather than just anyone  Aboriginal People – _______  Consisted typically of 5-80 people who were related by consanguinity (meaning by blood)  There was no hierarchy. Everyone was equal in their decisions, but conflict resolution needed work.

12. Agricultural Families Occurred about 11,000 years ago, in the Fertile Crescent area of south west Asia. Form of family changes from nomadic to sedentary. Communities were formed. Enabled our ancestors to provide much more food. This resulted in larger families & women’s economic activity shifted from community & became more focused on increasingly private family household. They cared for children/ handled domestic work.

13. Families were now highly organized:  Monogamy – having one martial partner.  Men established ___________ – men were rulers & decision makers of family.  During this period the relationship between men & women changed, Polygamy is having more than one martial spouse (Mainly wives)  Arranged marriages with young women, to ensure the family produced more children, so they could work on the land.  Extended families – young adults continued to live in their parents’ homes after they’re married, to work on the land.  They lived in ________ – a family group consisting of many related extended families, as they expanded & acquired more land.

14. Pre-Industrial Families Cottage Industry – Commerce, technology, & crafts developed in popularity  Merchants & artisans began to work at home where their wives & children could help Family Structure  Father was the head of the household, with wife & children alongside, female domestic servants & male apprentices  Families were __________, had fewer children, were patriarchal  Marriage based on economic necessity, not romance because there was no work for single women & there were no housekeepers for men  Children were an economic necessity  European settlers brought the pre-industrial family system with them to North America

15. By 7 or 8 years old, children were working for family. Boys would work on farm or become apprentice, girls would became domestic servants for others Roles of men & women: Considered women & children their property & would discipline them harshly Women enjoyed high status because of shortage of marriageable women & economic role until population grew & their roles became rigidly defined They had little legal protection & were imprisoned if they defended themselves against domestic assault by men

16. Urban Industrial Families Industrial revolution brought change in the family structure  economy shifted from agricultural work to factory production (keyword = away from home)  families became consumers instead of __________ Industrial Nuclear Family  Defined as a family structure in which there is a separation at the means of earning an income (in industry or business) from the home & household tasks  Women became stay at home mothers, men were the money makers & the children had a compulsory education when under the age of ________ (in Ontario).  home was a place of love & emotional contentment Mid 1880’s, "Age of Innocence" for children  child labour laws passed, compulsory education, the ideal idea, but not the reality

17. 19th century; working class women & children had to work in factories with the fathers  Only 5% of married Canadian women worked outside the home Early twentieth century  maker, husband was exclusive provider or head

18. Roles were changing to reflect perception of natural state of man & woman  Women –  Men –  Children - be schooled, remain protected from the hard working adult world Changes in structure based on political, economic & social pressure  Post war decade ended and Canadian women went back to work (1960’s –1970’s)  In 1966, 27% of married women were working in Canada  By 1976, 44% were working, & by 1999 69% of all women were working

19. Women going into the workforce pressured government to change laws to reflect new status  1968, a more lenient divorce act established  Birth control become legal  Intercourse before marriage was more understandable & accepted Family Structures – Transitional family  When mom temporarily left work to look after children  Dual-Income Family 

20. More ______________ = change in families & future generations  immigration: more countries immigrating to Canada as time moves on History shows how families have changed over time  today: __________ of families & individuals  our view/definition of a family differs as time goes on  the pattern of a family (parents together taking care of their kids) has stayed consistent

21. Case Study Discovering Your Family History Genealogy Bilateral descent system Family Tree Kinship verses family

22. The Contemporary Canadian Family Family has had to adapt to new political, economic, & social pressures of life. Ideal family life of the traditional nuclear family in the first half of the century depended on the following things: Women accepting the role as wife & mother Men accepting the role as provider and earning enough to support the whole family By the 1960s & 1970s, Canadian families began to rely on duel income The birth rate declined By 1999, 69% of all women were employed The Divorce Act of 1968 established more lenient guidelines for divorce Birth control changed society as sex before marriage became more common

23. Transitional family – the mother temporarily leaves the work force to look after the children Dual-income – both spouse work full-time Blended Families – divorced families with children remarry

24. Changes in Individual & Family Behaviour Many believe that the family has never been so diverse It is no longer essential for a man to marry a women and have children Families in which the relationship is based on love, have become the new ideal - & according to many reports the new norm The family unit is no longer an economic necessity, but have become more of a psychological unit that people choose to form in order to meet their social & emotional needs