1. Master’s Thesis in Computer Systems Engineering Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing active RFID System Andreas Franz Wolfgang John Philipp Nagele Supervisor: Per-Arne Wiberg Halmstad, 4 th June 2004

2. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 2/16 Overview General apsects Project objectives System concept Positioning algorithm Simulation results Use case

3. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 3/16 Project Objective Enhancing the existing RFID system with positioning functionalities Designing a concept for - an indoor communication protocol - a positioning algorithm on a central back-end system Implementing the proposed algorithm Proving the feasibility by simulations Analysing system characteristics

4. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 4/16 System Components Tag - saves received angular data (AoA) Reader - collects data from tags - forwards data to the backend system Directional Unit (DU) - provides angular information (AoA) Backend system (PC) - computes positioning algorithm

5. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 5/16 Communication Protocol DU 1 DU 2 DU 3 DU 4 f t 21 Tag Memory: DU 1 | 85° | 1 | DU 2 | 225° | 2 | Reader Backend system 45 280 85 225

6. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 6/16 Communication Protocol DU 1 DU 2 DU 3 DU 4 f t 4321 Tag Memory: DU 1 | 85° | 1 | DU 2 | 225° | 2 | DU 3 | 46° | 3 | Reader Backend system 46 281 86 226

7. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 7/16 Communication Protocol DU 1 DU 2 DU 3 DU 4 f t 432156 Tag Memory: DU 1 | 85° | 1 | DU 2 | 225° | 2 | DU 3 | 46° | 3 | DU 2 | 227° | 6 | Reader Backend system 47 282 87 227

8. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 8/16 Communication Protocol DU 1 DU 2 DU 3 DU 4 f t 432156 Tag Memory: DU 1 | 85° | 1 | DU 2 | 225° | 2 | DU 3 | 46° | 3 | DU 2 | 227° | 6 | DU 3 | 48° | 7 | DU 4 | 283° | 8 | Reader Backend system 48 283 88 228 78

9. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 9/16 Positioning Algorithm

10. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 10/16 Example

11. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 11/16 Simulation of the Protocol Communication protocol modelled in Matlab Modular design - Free DU placement - Variable multipath and propagation effects - Adjustable system parameters Optimisation of system parameters Power consumption Memory considerations

12. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 12/16 Use Case req. Accuracy Multipath Effects DU/ 100m 2 Assembling Area Low - Proximity Medium0,375 WarehouseMedium - Palette High0,9375 Loading Zone High - Goods Low3

13. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 13/16 Use Case req. Accuracy Multipath Effects DU/ 100m 2 Assembling Area Low - Proximity Medium0,375 WarehouseMedium - Palette High0,9375 Loading Zone High - Goods Low3

14. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 14/16 Use Case req. AccuracyMultipathDU/ 100m 2 Mean Error Assembling AreaLowMedium0,37577.0 cm WarehouseMediumHigh0,937555.1 cm Loading ZoneHighLow320.6 cm

15. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 15/16 Conclusion Positioning achieved with minor hardware adaptations Implementation of a positioning algorithm - Plausibility weighting High scalability due to flexible DU placement Promising accuracy results for a future experimental setup

16. Integration of Positioning Capabilities into an existing RFID System 16/16 Thank you for your attention!