1. Chapter 4 (Part A) : Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cell structures:
Eukaryote = organisms consisting of one or more complex cells containing organelles
Animals, plants, fungi, protists are eukaryotic

2. Parts --
1. Cell walls: animal cells don’t have them; plants, fungi, some protists do

3. 2. Plasma membrane: selectively-permeable barrier to environment;
2. Plasma membrane: selectively-permeable barrier to environment; phospholipids and proteins

4. 3. Nucleus: largest membrane-bound organelle in a cell; contains DNA + proteins (histones) in the form of chromosomes; covered by a double membrane with nuclear pores; where the genetic information is stored

5. 4. Endoplasmic reticulum: 2 types – rough (with ribosomes) and smooth stacks of membranes from nucleus out into cytoplasm “factories” where many cellular molecules are made

6. 5. Golgi apparatus:“packaging and shipping” areas of the cell; stacks of membranes with vesicles to the outside of the stacks; molecules are processed, packaged into vesicles, and moved to correct location in cell

7. Nucleus  ER  Golgi apparatus

8. Macrophage bacterium lysosome nucleus
6. Lysosomes: special vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and acid fuse with other vesicles functions: recycle old molecules and organelles lyse infecting bacteria, etc.; Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents fusion of lysosome with vesicle in cell containing the bacteria; the bacteria then ride along with the immune system cell (macrophage)
bacterium
lysosome
nucleus
Macrophage

10. Macrophage now presenting bacterial antigens

11. Ribosomes: made of RNA and proteins have no membrane site of protein synthesis 80S in cells; 70S in mitochondria of cells
Ribosome sculpture at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY

12. 8. Mitochondria: where aerobic respiration occurs; where much ATP is made; contains its own DNA and ribosomes (70S like bacteria); it is believed that mitochondria evolved from bacteria taken in by a bigger cell

14. 9. Chloroplasts: In plants and some protists Site of photosynthesis Evolved from photosynthetic bacteria

15. 10. Cytoplasm: about 75% water, used to absorb heat from many reactions in a cell; dissolved and suspended molecules in cytoplasm Cytoskeleton: “scaffolding” of cell which holds it into a shape and attaches this cell to another loss of cytoskeleton components may lead to cancer– rounding up
Fibroblasts
Microtubule endings labeled

16. 12. Flagella: move in a complex, whip-like motion 13
12. Flagella: move in a complex, whip-like motion Cilia: hair-like appendages; move mucus.
Flagella video clip

17. A SEM of rabbit tracheal airway cilia

18. Video clip of cilia in respiratory tract beating

19. The End