1. Animal cell- where is the DNA? You have about 10 14 cells in your body

2. Cellular membrane, fosfotriglycerides

3. DNA-molecule divides -replication RNA synthesised from DNA- transcription Protein synthesised from RNA- translation DNA- DeoxyRibonucleic Acid RNA- RiboNucleic Acid

4. Nucleic acids- consists of nucleotides DNA – polymer containing our genes Double stranded RNA- smaller polymer formed using DNA as template Single stranded Used for protein- synthesis Phosphate Ribose Nitrogen base

5. Ribose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms (pentose) In RNA In DNA

6. Nitrogen bases In RNA In DNA Pyrimidines Purines

7. Nucleotides- a condensation of ribose, nitrogen base and phosphate (phosphoric acid)

8. Nucleotides polymerise (a polycondensation) to form DNA The two strands run in opposite directions

9. Hydrogen bonds keep the two different DNA-strands together in the double helix T-A C-G Adenine and Thymine can form two H-bonds Cytosine and Guanine can form three H-bonds

10. DNA replication At cell division The double helix is unwinding to two single strands Free–floating nucleotides join the strands- If A on the strand then T nucleotide. At the other strand at same place- T and then A nucleotide. Enzymes, polymerases, bind the free- floating nucleotides and condense them to a complementary DNA polymer. Two identical DNA molecules are formed.

11. DNA transcription and translation- protein synthesis

12. Transcription: DNA  RNA Takes place in the nucleus of the cell Like replication, but only one of the DNA strands will be copied to form RNA and only a part of the strand = the gene for a specific protein.

13. Three different kinds of RNA mRNA: messenger; brings the genetic information of the protein primary structure tRNA: transfer; transfers the amino acids to the protein rRNA: ribosome, rRNA+protein makes up ribosomes; the place in the cell were the proteins are buildt

14. Translation RNA  Protein A 3-nucleotide sequence, a triplet or a codon codes for a specific amino acid. There is also a starting codon and stop codon The sequence of triplets on the mRNA will give the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide The mRNA is brought out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

15. Translation, cont. The mRNA is sent to a ribosome. A tRNA- amino acid with an anticodon that fits the first triplet on mRNA join the ribosome, then a second tRNA-amino acid that fits the second triplet. The two amino acids condensates to form a dipeptide. Then the third tRNA comes etc.

16. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../ribosome.html

18. DNA polymeras

19. DNA profiling DNA is extracted from cellular material; e.g. blood, semen, hair, saliva Sample degraded by restriction enzymes DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis- patterns are compared

20. Sections of non-coding DNA — DNA that does not code for a protein- short tandem repeats (STR’s)- made up of repeats of short base sequences, such as CATG in the sequence CATGCATGCATG.

21. Parentage Exercize