1. ANS .The autonomic nervous system (ANS )
coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive functions
Preganglionic neurons in the CNS send axons to synapse on postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS

2. Components of the ANS Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar, “fight or
flight”)
Thoracic and lumbar segments outflow of the
spinal cord
Parasympathetic division (craniosacral, “rest and
repose”)
Preganglionic fibers leaving the brain and sacral segments of the spinal cord

3. I. The Sympathetic Division

4. Sympathetic division anatomy
Preganglionic neurons between segments T1 and L2 of the spinal cord
Ganglionic neurons in ganglia near vertebral column
Specialized neurons in adrenal glands

5. The Organization of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS

6. Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)
Sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)
Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia)

7. Sympathetic Pathways

8. Sympathetic Pathways

9. Sympathetic Pathways

10. Organization and anatomy of the sympathetic division
Segments T1-L2, ventral roots give rise to myelinated white ramus
Leads to sympathetic chain ganglia

11. The Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation

12. Postganglionic fibers
Rejoin spinal nerves and reach their destination by way of the dorsal and ventral rami
Those targeting structures in the thoracic cavity form sympathetic nerves
Go directly to their destination

13. Abdominopelvic viscera
Sympathetic innervation via preganglionic fibers that
synapse within collateral ganglia
Splanchic nerves

14. Abdominopelvic viscera
Celiac ganglion
Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Innervates small intestine and initial portion of large intestine
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Innervates kidney, urinary bladder, sex organs, and final portion of large intestine

15. Sympathetic activation
In crises, the entire sympathetic division responds
Sympathetic activation
Affects include increased alertness, energy and euphoria, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activities, elevation in muscle tone, mobilization of energy resources

16. Neurotransmitters and sympathetic function
Stimulation of sympathetic division has two distinct results
Release of ACh or NE at specific locations
Secretion of E and NE into general circulation
Most postganglionic fibers are adrenergic, a few are cholinergic or nitroxidergic
Two types of receptors are alpha receptors and beta receptors
Sympathetic ganglionic neurons end in telodendria studded with varicosities filled with neurotransmitter

17. Sympathetic Variosities

18. II.The Parasympathetic Division

19. Parasympathetic division of A.N.S
Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cord
Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia located within or near target organs

20. The Organization of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

21. Organization and anatomy of the parasympathetic division
Preganglionic fibers leave the brain as cranial nerves III, VI, IX, X
Sacral neurons form the pelvic nerves
S2,3,4

22. The Distribution of Parasympathetic Innervation

23. Parasympathetic activation
Effects produced by the parasympathetic division
relaxation
food processing
energy absorption

24. Neurotransmitters and parasympathetic functions
All parasympathetic fibers release ACh
Short-lived response as ACH is broken down by AChE and tissue cholinesterase
Postsynaptic membranes have two kinds of receptors
Muscarinic
Nicotinic

25. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Widespread influence on visceral and somatic structures
Parasympathetic
Innervates only visceral structures serviced by cranial nerves or lying within the abdominopelvic cavity
Dual innervation = organs that receive input from both systems

26. Anatomy of dual innervation
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems intermingle to form autonomic plexuses
Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Esophageal plexus
Celiac plexus
Inferior mesenteric plexus
Hypogastric plexus

27. The Autonomic Plexuses

28. Comparison of the two divisions
Important physiological and functional differences exist

29. The Anatomical Differences between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

30. Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions

31. Visceral Reflexes

32. Higher levels of autonomic control
Activity in the ANS is controlled by centers in the brainstem that deal with visceral functioning

33. Levels of Autonomic Control

34. A Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Function

35. Memory Storage

36. Consciousness
Deep sleep, the body relaxes and cerebral cortex activity is low
REM sleep active dreaming occurs
The reticular activating system (RAS) is important to arousal and maintenance of consciousness

37. The Reticular Activating System