1. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA VAGNER DOS SANTOS UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA, BRAZIL

2. AIMS Contextualize South America Provide some figures of disability in the region Share an overview of Occupational therapy within the region UNB, BRAZIL

3. SOUTH AMERICA UNB, BRAZIL

4. SOUTH AMERICA Countries 12 Countries Demographics Population of nearly 400 million inhabitants Brazil has almost 200 million inhabitants Guyana has less than 1 million inhabitants From Rural villages to Megacities Large scope of languages and cultures UNB, BRAZIL

5. SOUTH AMERICA UNB, BRAZIL São Paulo, Brazil. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Paulo

6. SOUTH AMERICA UNB, BRAZIL Bellavista – Pachas, Peru. Source: http://www.pueblosdelperu.org/foto/1278062

7. SOUTH AMERICA Social - Economic – Political Commons elements Large Inequalities History of racism Violence (from structural to everyday violence) Political Shifts (Social Change) Rise and fall of military dictatorships ‘Turn to the left’ Implementation of redistributive policies UNB, BRAZIL

8. DISABILITY IN SOUTH AMERICA Statistics – Methodological Issues Estimates indicate that at least 10% of the region’s population has some disability (The World Bank, 2004). In Brazil, there are higher estimates: 24% of the population (approximately 45.6 million) has some form of disability (IBGE, 2010). Social Exclusion Cycle of Poverty and Disability (The World Bank, 2004; 2011) Disability as cause and consequence of poverty. About 82% of disabled people live under poverty. Caregivers and family members are also affected. UNB, BRAZIL

9. DISABILITY IN SOUTH AMERICA Education Poor attendance due to lack of: adequate transportation and access to school infrastructure teacher training and learning materials Employment Most disabled are outside the work force UNB, BRAZIL

10. DISABILITY IN SOUTH AMERICA UNB, BRAZIL Source: The World Bank, 2011

11. REHABILITATION: WHAT FOR? FOR WHOM? HOW TO DO? Poverty and disability What are the aims and the limits of rehabilitation in the context of poverty? Intersectioralities How to overcome the biomedical model of rehabilitation? Cultural constructions of disability & Colonialism Which forms of engagement are needed to decolonize (theory and practice) UNB, BRAZIL

12. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Occupational therapy’s history in South America 50’s, 60’s and 70’s: process of implementation International and national collaboration Influence of Northern Frameworks (which to some extent last until nowadays) 80’s and 90’s: transitions towards more local and regional identities of occupational therapy Ruptures from mainstream OT Integrate humans rights into OT practice Engagement with political action UNB, BRAZIL

13. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY During XXI Century Occupational Therapy has expanded and grown According to WFOT (2014) the region has had a substantive percentage increase in the number of occupational therapists from 2006 to 2014 Argentina: 182% Brazil: 119% UNB, BRAZIL

14. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Contemporary issues of occupational therapy across the region Develop and implement new training programs that: Overcome the medical model Engage with local / regional realities Explore the meanings of disability and individual experience and integrate with educational programs Mass concentration of OT’s in Metropolitan areas: Decentralization of human resources Learn about diversity of human presence and everyday life across the region UNB, BRAZIL

15. TO SUM UNB, BRAZIL South America is a region of diversity, but there are common elements. To overcome poverty, inequality, racism, structural and everyday violence are among the most pressing challenges (prevent disabilities). Assure social inclusion. The exclusion of people with disability has been a major impact into our societies. Occupational therapy has the challenge to understand the realities of those living with disability. This includes also social, political, economic aspects of everyday life, which have been historically neglected in rehab. OT has to develop a coherent and relevant practice.

16. UNB, BRAZIL Thank you! Further questions/comments and list of references: vagner@unb.br