3. The Spirit of the Age (1790-1850) e A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics. e Early support of the French Revolution. e Rise of the individual  alienation. e Dehumanization brought by industrialization.  Radical poetics / politics  an obsession with violent change. e A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics. e Early support of the French Revolution. e Rise of the individual  alienation. e Dehumanization brought by industrialization.  Radical poetics / politics  an obsession with violent change.

5. Enlightenment Society is good, curbing violent impulses! Civilization corrupts! Romanticism A Growing Distrust of Reason e The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional. e Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces. e “Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness  the community is more important. e The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional. e Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces. e “Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness  the community is more important.

6. The Romantic Movement e Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. e Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. e A reaction against classicism. e The “Romantic Hero:”  Greatest example was Lord Byron  Tremendously popular among the European reading public.  Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness. e Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s. e Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany. e A reaction against classicism. e The “Romantic Hero:”  Greatest example was Lord Byron  Tremendously popular among the European reading public.  Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

7. Characteristics of Romanticism The Engaged & Enraged Artist:  The artist apart from society.  The artist as social critic/revolutionary.  The artist as genius. The Engaged & Enraged Artist:  The artist apart from society.  The artist as social critic/revolutionary.  The artist as genius.

8. Wandering Above the Sea of Fog Caspar David Friedrich, 1818

9. Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794

11. Characteristics of Romanticism The Individual/ The Dreamer: Individuals have unique, endless potential. Self-realization comes through art Artists are the true philosophers. To deal with the harsh realities of life, Romantics sought solitude in nature Key to emotional healing could be found in nature Nature imagery is the most predominant feature of Romantic literature The Individual/ The Dreamer: Individuals have unique, endless potential. Self-realization comes through art Artists are the true philosophers. To deal with the harsh realities of life, Romantics sought solitude in nature Key to emotional healing could be found in nature Nature imagery is the most predominant feature of Romantic literature

12. The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

13. Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823

15. Characteristics of Romanticism Glorification of Nature:  Peaceful, restorative qualities [an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates].  Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature.  Indifferent to the fate of humans.  Overwhelming power of nature. Glorification of Nature:  Peaceful, restorative qualities [an escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates].  Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature.  Indifferent to the fate of humans.  Overwhelming power of nature.

16. An Avalanche in the Alps Philip James de Loutherbourg, 1803

17. Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas Achenbach, 1853

18. The Deluge Francis Danby, 1840

19. The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice) Caspar David Friedrich, 1821

20. Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805

22. Victor Frankenstein’s Science  Victor is a student of “natural philosophy”  Study of nature and the desire to know how nature functions – quest for knowledge was more philosophical than scientific  Victor influenced by:  Cornelius Agrippa -Renaissance philosopher and scientist -Work reflects strong interest in the occult and ancient, mystical “sciences” of the near East -Writings blend European interpretations of Plato’s philosophy with Jewish Kabalistic beliefs -Agrippa’s ideas were later discredited by the processes of observation and experimentation

23. Victor Frankenstein’s Science  Paracelsus -Renaissance philosopher and scientist -Introduced new concept of disease and the use of chemicals rather than herbs to treat diseases -Asserted that diseases were caused by external agents attacking the body -Contrary to traditional idea of disease as an internal upset of the body’s humors: yellow and black bile, blood, and phlegm -To cure the disease, attack external agent -Alchemy became the means by which the chemical remedies were prepared -Paracelsus changed the emphasis of the alchemy from chasing the mythological “Elixir of Life: or “Philosopher’s Stone” to making medicines

24. Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795

25. Dr. Frankenstein’s Adam & Eve??

27. The Industrial Age  Flanked the Romantic Age  1750-1850  England moved from an agriculture to an industrial society  Home manufacturing to factory production  Made England prosperous and powerful

28. The Industrial Age  Exploitation of workers  Deplorable living conditions  Towns became cities  Villagers, forced by economic necessity, sought work in growing factories  Huddled together in filthy slums  Men, women, and children labored from sunrise to sunset  All children able to pull a cart in the suffocating coal mines or to sweep a floor in the textile factories worked  Poor children had essentially no religious training, medical care, or education

29. The Slave Ship Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1842

31. Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817

32. The Corn Field John Constable, 1826

33. The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821

35. Characteristics of Romanticism In Art, Revival of Past Styles:  Gothic & Romanesque revival.  “Neo-Gothic” architectural style.  Medieval ruins were a favorite theme for art and poetry. In Art, Revival of Past Styles:  Gothic & Romanesque revival.  “Neo-Gothic” architectural style.  Medieval ruins were a favorite theme for art and poetry.

36. Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Ground John Constable, 1825

37. Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows John Constable, 1831

38. Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829

39. Eldena Ruin Gaspar David Friedrich, 1825

40. Winter Landscape with Church Gaspar David Friedrich, 1811

41. British Houses of Parliament 1840-1865

43. Cloister Cemetery in the Snow Caspar David Friedrich, 1817-1819

44. Pity - William Blake, 1795

45. Characteristics of Romanticism and the Gothic The Supernatural:  Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons.  The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness.  The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness.  They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable. The Supernatural:  Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons.  The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness.  The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness.  They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable.

46. Nightmare (The Incubus) Henry Fuseli, 1781

47. Mad Woman With a Mania of Envy Theodore Gericault, 1822-1823 Mad Woman With a Mania of Envy Theodore Gericault, 1822-1823

48. Abbey in an Oak Forest Caspar David Friedrich, 1809-1810

49. The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun William Blake, 1808-1810

50. Manfred and the Witch of the Alps John Martin - 1837

51. Witches Sabbath Francisco Goya, 1798

52. Saturn Devours His Son Francisco Goya, 1819-1823

53. Gothic Novels Offshoot of Romantic Literature  Predecessor of modern horror movies  Spin of Romantic idea of nature worship and nature imagery:  Along with the power of healing, nature has the power of destroying  Indication of mood through weather: Stormy weather = Bad things are about to happen! Offshoot of Romantic Literature  Predecessor of modern horror movies  Spin of Romantic idea of nature worship and nature imagery:  Along with the power of healing, nature has the power of destroying  Indication of mood through weather: Stormy weather = Bad things are about to happen!

54. The Raft of the Medusa Th é odore G é ricault, 1819

55.  Born Mary Wollstoncraft in 1797  Born to William Godwin and Mary Wollstoncraft – both very prominent and liberal writers  Mother wrote Vindication on the rights of Woman  Mary spent her teens in Scotland writing  Returned to London at 16  Met, fell in love with, became pregnant by poet Percy Bysshe Shelley  Married after Shelley’s estranged wife committed suicide  Lost all three of their children  In 1822, Percy drowned in the Gulf of Spezia in Italy  At the age of 24, Mary was an impoverished widow MARY SHELLEY

56. Frankenstein  Frankenstein published in 1818 when Mary was 20 years old  Considered to be a huge Feminist feat

57. The Great Age of the Novel   Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)  Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)   Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)  Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)

58. The Great Age of the Novel  Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)  Novel of Purpose: Hugh Trevar - Thomas Holcroft (1794)  Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)  Novel of Purpose: Hugh Trevar - Thomas Holcroft (1794)

60. Other Romantic Writers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm - Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1814-1816) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust (1806-1832)

61. The Major Romantic Poets  Percy Byssche Shelley  Lord Byron (George Gordon)  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  William Wordsworth  John Keats  William Blake  Percy Byssche Shelley  Lord Byron (George Gordon)  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  William Wordsworth  John Keats  William Blake

62. George Gordon’s (Lord Byron) Poem The Prisoner of Chillon George Gordon’s (Lord Byron) Poem The Prisoner of Chillon

63. Mary Shelley Frankenstein Mary Shelley Frankenstein

64. Sir Walter Scott Ivanhoe Sir Walter Scott Ivanhoe

65. William Wordsworth’s Poem, Tintern Abbey William Wordsworth’s Poem, Tintern Abbey

66. Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner