1. Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigatio n Current Weather Climate Change Impacts Adaptation Options Mitigation Strategies Course Evaluations For Wednesday: Exam 4! Final Exam on December 11! You can review your old exams from 12 – 4 pm on December 4! (Location TBA)

2. Effects on Ecosystems Carbon Fertilization: Depends on whether they are C 3 or C 4 plants. Corn is at a disadvantage compared to C 3 weeds in a world with higher CO 2 because C 4 plants do not photosynthesize as well! Changes of Speciation within Forests Fate of the spruce-fir ecosystem in S. Apps? Rising Biosphere in Mountains Marine Ecosystems Coral Reefs

4. Changes of Speciation within Forests

5. Human Impacts Floods, droughts, and climate extremes likely to increase Global conflicts may be exacerbated? Arctic claims in response to decreasing summer sea ice? Environmental refugees Food shortages and higher food prices?

6. Adapting to Climate Change Sea Level Rise: Approximately 10% of worlds population is found within Low Elevation Coastal Zones (LECZs) 60% of population of the Netherlands lives within LECZs Significant problem facing society! Water Management: How to ensure adequate and clean water when quantity and dependability of existing supplies is decreasing? Glacier retreat in tropical Andes!

7. LECZs in Eastern U.S.

8. Mitigation Strategies Kyoto Protocol CO 2 emissions 5% below 1990 Ratified by 182 countries, bi-partisan rejection in U.S. Energy Conservation and other “Soft” Measures Alternative Energy Sources Wind, nuclear, solar, tidal, biomass-based fuels Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS) Also known as carbon sequestration and involves burying carbon in ground Geoengineering of Global Climate

9. Course Evaluations Course #: 1011 Section #: 101 Instructor #: 012 Please code information carefully with a No. 2 pencil! For each question, blacken the appropriate circle (one per question). Written comments on back are particularly helpful. Thank you for a great semester! Thank you as well for your honest and constructive feedback of the lecture portion of GHY 1011. Your evaluations help us to improve course content and teaching, especially for this course.