1. Rut Beyene P3 Anatomy of the Kidneys and Bladder

2. URINARY SYSTEM ORGANS   Kidneys (2)   Ureters (2)   Urinary bladder   Urethra

3. KIDNEY ANATOMY   Retroperitoneal   Partially protected by the 11 th and 12 th ribs   Right kidney slightly lower due to liver

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6. KIDNEY ANATOMY   Protected by three connective tissue layers Renal fascia Attaches to abdominal wall Adipose capsule Fat cushioning kidney Renal capsule Fibrous sac Protects from trauma and infection

8. KIDNEY ANATOMY Gross anatomy Renal sinus Renal parenchyma Hilum

10. KIDNEY ANATOMY Renal sinus Surrounded by renal parenchyma Contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves, urine-collecting structures

11. KIDNEY KIDNEY ANATOMY Renal parenchyma Glandular tissue Forms urine Two zones Outer cortex Inner medulla

12. KIDNEY ANATOMY Renal Flow Renal columns divide medulla into 6 – 10 renal pyramids Renal columns divide medulla into 6 – 10 renal pyramids The point of the pyramid is the renal papilla The point of the pyramid is the renal papilla Papilla is attached to the minor calyx Papilla is attached to the minor calyx

13. KIDNEY ANATOMY Renal Flow 2 – 3 minor calices  Major calyx 2 – 3 minor calices  Major calyx 2 – 3 major calices  Renal pelvis 2 – 3 major calices  Renal pelvis Renal pelvis  Ureter Renal pelvis  Ureter Ureter  Bladder Ureter  Bladder Bladder  Urethra Bladder  Urethra

15. Kidney Anatomy Renal Vasculature   Blood is supplied by the renal artery   Kidney receives about 21% of cardiac output

17. Nephron   The functional unit of a kidney Filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion   ~1 million nephrons per kidney

18. Nephron   The nephron is partly in the renal cortex and partly in the renal medulla   Contains the following structures Afferent/efferent arterioles Glomerulus Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Renal tubule

21. Nephron Renal arterioles   Afferent arterioles bring in unfiltered blood into the kidney (renal corpuscle)   Efferent arterioles take filtered blood back into the body

22. Nephron Renal corpuscle   Glomerulus enclosed in two-layered glomerular capsule “Bowman’s capsule”   Fluid filters from glomerular capillaries “Glomerular filtrate”   Fluid collects in capsular space   Fluid flows into renal tubule

23. Nephron Glomerular filtration   Filtration membrane Fenestrated endothelium of capillaries Basement membrane of glomerulus Slit membrane between “feet” of podocytes

25. Nephron Renal tubule   Leads from glomerular capsule   Ends at tip of medullary pyramid   ~3 cm long   Four major regions Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop (loop of Henle) Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

27. Renal Tubule Vasculature of tubule   Reclaim filtrate from renal tubule   Proximal and distal convoluted tubules Peritubular capillaries   Loop of Henle Vasa recta Vasa recta

28. Vasa Recta

29. Renal Tubule Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)   Arises from glomerular capsule   Longest, most coiled region   Prominent microvilli Function in absorption

30. Renal Tubule Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)   “U” – shaped, distal to PCT   Descending and ascending limbs   Thick segments Active transport of salts High metabolism, many mitochondria   Thin segments Permeable to water Low metabolism

31. Renal Tubule Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)   Coiled, distal to nephron loop   Shorter than PCT   Less coiled than PCT   Very few microvilli   Contacts afferent and efferent arterioles (regulation imparted)

32. Renal Tubules Collecting duct   DCTs of several nephrons empty into a collecting duct   Several collecting ducts merge into papillary duct   Drain into minor calyx

33. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)  A group of cells found in the nephron which control renal function  Have three components Macula densa Macula densa Granular cells Granular cells Mesangial cells Mesangial cells

35. JGA Cells  Macula densa Chemoreceptor cells, detect sodium chloride Chemoreceptor cells, detect sodium chloride Found on the DCT Found on the DCT  Granular cells Mechanoreceptor cells, detect pressure change Mechanoreceptor cells, detect pressure change Found on afferent arterioles Found on afferent arterioles  Mesangial cells Relay messages between macula densa and granular cells Relay messages between macula densa and granular cells

36. The Ureters  The ureters are muscular tubes leading from the renal pelvis to the lower bladder.

37. The Urinary Bladder  A muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity.  Contains the urine formed by the kidney.  Highly distensible and expands superiorly.

38. Bladder Anatomy   CAPACITY: about 300 ml with a maximum capacity of 500 ml Distended bladder is circular in shape Bulges upward into abdominal cavity

39. Distended Empty

40. Bladder Anatomy The openings of the two ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area called the trigone on the bladder floor.

41. Bladder Muscles  Internal urethral sphincter Round muscle that is under involuntary control Round muscle that is under involuntary control  External urethral sphincter Round muscle that is under voluntary control Round muscle that is under voluntary control  Detrusor Muscle The muscle that surrounds the bladder and aids in micturition. The muscle that surrounds the bladder and aids in micturition.

43. The Urethra  Conveys urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.  Male ~18 cm long ~18 cm long  Females 3-4 cm long, puts women at greater risk of urinary tract infections 3-4 cm long, puts women at greater risk of urinary tract infections

44. Urothelium  Transitional epithelium that can contract and expand to accommodate for organ size shift.