1. WORLD GEOGRAPHY Oct. 17, 2014

2. Today Unit 4 – Identity Introduction to Unit 5 - Language

3. Identity Race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality - Defining and examining the concept of identity - Relationships between identity and place - Power relationships between groups

4. Identity and Place (and scale) “To be human is to live in a world that is filled with significant places.” – Relph

5. Identity and Place How places affect identity and how identities can be seen in places: - Sense of place: Infusion of places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions. - Becomes part of identity - Effect of identity on ways we define and experience place

6. Sense of place - examples Auschwitz – Nazi concentration camp

7. Sense of place - examples Dokdo, Takeshima, Lioncourt Rocks

8. Sense of place - examples Maple Leaf Gardens (an old arena in Toronto)

9. Ethnicity and Place A constructed identity that is tied to a place - Comes from idea that people are closely bounded, even related, in a place over time - Often result of migration - May change in meaning with migration

10. Ethnicity and Place - What is a “Swiss American”?

11. Ethnicity and Place Scale and place have a significant impact on the concept of “ethnic identity” (and identity in general). Example: - Indians and Pakistanis living in the same neighborhoods in the U.S.

12. Ethnicity and Place New communities in Toronto

13. Changes in ethnic space Example: Chinatown, Mexicali - Few Chinese residents in Mexicali’s Chinatown - Continued important place for the region’s Chinese population

14. Changes in ethnic space Example: Chinatown, Mexicali

15. Changes in ethnic space - Effects on cultural landscape: Mexicali

16. Changes in ethnic space - Effects on cultural landscape: Mexicali

17. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York)

18. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York)

19. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York) - Population was of predominantly (mainly) Jewish background.  Migrated from Germany during 1930’s and 40’s Nickname: “The Fourth Reich”

20. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York) - More recently, large influx of immigrants from the Caribbean area (mainly the Dominican Republic). - New nickname for Washington Heights: El Alto

21. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York)

22. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York)

23. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York)

24. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York)

25. Changes in Ethnic Space Succession – Washington Heights (New York) Even more recently “re”- succession - Jewish revival in Washington Heights Lower rent prices have brought younger Jews to the Washington Heights neighborhood.  Increase in Jewish businesses

26. Identity and space Space: “Social relations stretched out” Place: “Particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location” Massey and Jess  Place making in the context of surrounding social relationships

27. Identity and space Gendered places

28. Identity and space Gendered places

29. Identity and space e.g. “Gendered” places - Boys (or girls) High Schools - Restrooms - Gender-divided restaurant areas - Women-only subway cars

30. Identity and space Gendered places

31. Identity and space

32. Identity and space - Sexuality Heteronormative: Viewpoint that white, heterosexual, male is “normal” Identity cluster - How spaces are created - What problems they have Queer theory: Focuses on political engagement of “queers” with the “heteronormative”

33. Identity and space - Sexuality

36. Identity and power relationships Power relationships (who has control over others) - Direct effect on identity (e.g. Majority vs. minority Superior vs. inferior) - Affects cultural landscapes (e.g. the dominant “power” determines what is seen in the cultural landscape)

37. Identity and power relationships Who “counts”? - The U.S. (and many other countries’) Census undercounts: - Minority populations - The homeless

38. Identity and power relationships Gross National Income (GNI) does not count - Unpaid work of women in the household - Work done by rural women in poorer countries - The informal economy: Private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation

39. Identity and power relationships

43. GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure)

44. Women in Subsaharan Africa Populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work Produce 70% of the region’s food Small percentage of women have legal title to their land

45. Dowry Deaths in India Murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths - Female infanticide also tied to the disempowerment of women

46. Honor killings in Pakistan - Killing of a family member (usually female) or member of a social group by other members (male) because the victim is perceived to have brought shame/dishonor on the group. Some reasons: - sex outside of marriage - victim of rape - homosexuality - Inappropriate dress

47. Cultural assimilation Example: Native American (and Canadian First Nations) women were often married to white men. Native children taken from their tribes and sent to special schools (learned “European” culture and English).  Aim was to “civilize” the savages by assimilating them into the new dominant culture (European).  Result: loss of tradition, language, etc.

48. Cultural assimilation “Tom Torlino” - Navajo

49. Identity, Gender – Current Events Islamic State (ISIS, IS, ISIL, etc.)

50. Identity, Gender – Current Events Islamic State (ISIS, IS, ISIL, etc.) - Taking of women and children as “spoils of war”  Citing of Islamic traditions for rationale. - Women married off or sold as sexual slaves (awarded as prizes for IS fighters)

51. Identity, Gender – Current Events

53. Unit 5 - Language - Languages and the role they play in culture - Language distribution - Diffusion of language - Language and places

54. Unit 5 - Language http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybcvlxivscw What?!

55. Language - definitions Language? - A set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols used for communication Standard language? - A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught

56. Most commonly spoken/used languages 1. 2. 3. 4.

57. Most commonly spoken/used languages - The figures will vary by source Mandarin Spanish English Arabic Hindi

58. Most commonly spoken/used languages - The figures will vary by source

60. Spread of English How did English become so widespread? What effects has this had on the world? - Positive - Negative How does “English Mania” affect cultural landscape?

61. Languages and culture Many sociologists and linguists (and sociolinguists) often state: Language = Culture

62. Next class Finish Identity unit Begin Language unit