1. The Economics of Higher Education Tatiana Melguizo Assistant Professor University of Southern California Sao Paolo – BRAZIL International Seminar April 6-8, 2010

2. Outline Overview of the Structure of Higher Education in the U.S. The California Master Plan Community College Funding

3. Overview of the structure of postsecondary education in the U.S. Types of postsecondary institutions –Public and private (non-for-profit or profit) 2-year colleges 4-year colleges (Research, Comprehensive, Liberal Arts) Outputs (degrees, research, service) Revenues (endowment, tuition, grants and patents, community-collaboration) Revenue and output are not connected

4. Expenditures and Enrollment Total expenditure in education is about $200 billion or 3 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Total fall enrollment (2007) graduate and undergraduate students about $18.7 million (US DOE, 2009). Total number of public and non-for-profit private institutions about 6,680 (US DOE, 2009). –Public 2,028 (13.5 million) –Private non-for-profit 1,864 (3.6 million) –Private for-profit2,788 (1.4 million)

5. High tuition- High aid High tuition – High aid model (efficiency and equity) –Traditional public finance theory argues that public goods that consumers will buy in the absence of subsidy is inefficient use of public tax dollars –Tax dollars should be distributed by need Un-intended consequences –Diminish quality of public institutions –Decrease enrollment of students in public four-year –Not guarantee high aid –Deny the appropriateness of higher education for the public good

6. x

8. The Flow of Funds Economy Available State and Local Govt. Funds Federal Government Donors Foundations Corporations Tax Policy Appropriations/GrantsStudent Aid Tuition Scholarships & Waivers Research and Other Grants (Restricted)Student Aid (Restricted) Gifts Income K-12 Corrections Health Care Other Govt. Higher Education StudentsInstitutions

9. CALIFORNIA

10. California Master Plan California Master Plan in 1960 created a three-tier system –University of California (UC) (10 campuses) –California State University (CSU) (23 campuses) –California Community College (CCC) (110 colleges)

11. California Community Colleges The CCC are a about $7 billion enterprise serving about 1.7 million students They are open access They are inexpensive compared to other two- year public colleges in the country The CCC serves a substantial majority of African American and Latino students –39% Latinos in CCC compared to 19% UC –9% African American in CCC compared to 4% UC

12. CCC serve the majority of the students in the state

13. The CCC has the lowest expenditure per student, FTES

14. The funding for CCC has remained constant in the last forty years

15. They are inexpensive

16. CCC serve a large percentage of racial/ethnic minorities

17. Sources of Revenue Two main sources that account for about 75% of the revenue: –State general fund (about 45%) –Local property taxes (about 30%) The other 25% comes from: –Student enrollment fees –Lottery –Other –Federal

18. CCC System Sources of Revenue, 2007-08 Source: California Community College Chancellor's Office (2008)

19. Regulations Proposition 13 (1978) (That year the revenues went from 66% to less than 20%) Proposition 98 (1988) Guarantees funding for K-14 Accountability Reporting for the Community Colleges (2007)

20. How do the state allocate resources to districts? The districts receive funds based on a Full-Time Equivalent Student (FTES) –FTES for standard full-term courses (Census enrollment)x(15)x(17.5) 525 –The state funding for FTES in 2008/09 was $4,564.83 –The state uses Program Based Funding (PBS)

21. The current funding for CCC is inadequate and unequal The formula was designed to produce adequate levels of funding and reduce funding inequalities. In reality it has failed to do so. The current funding is not adequate: –The state average funding level is about half of what the state deems appropriate. The “percentage of standard” in 2002-02 was 54.2% statewide. For example: The stated FTES in that year was $4,472 but the average rate received was $2,424 The current funding is not equal: –The funding shortfall does not affect all districts equally, leading to inequalities in the system

22. Negative incentives of PBF Districts do not invest in high cost programs (i.e., nursing). The incentive is to expand low-cost programs (i.e., large credit classes with part-time adjuncts). Districts don’t have incentives to provide non-credit courses such as English as a Second Language (ESL) and GED, if it is at the expense of the credit courses. The scale factor increases inequalities. The smallest districts received a boost of 25% in their program allotment. Those small but close to the cut-off the increase was 0.8%

23. Summary The funding structure of higher education has important implications on the mission of postsecondary institutions Institutions need to be market savvy and mission centered (Zemsky, 2004) The economic crisis and global pressures are re-shaping institutions. Institutions need to adapt if they want to survive in this permanent changing world.

24. THANK YOU! melguizo@usc.edu http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~melguizo/