1. with Area Proportional to Population
Figure 15.1 The Relation Between Average Life Expectancy and GDP Per Capita,
with Area Proportional to Population

2. over Pre-Industrial Levels, 2000-2100.
Figure Range of Predictions of Global Average Temperature Increase
over Pre-Industrial Levels,

3. Figure 15.3. Environmental Kuznets Curve for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

4. Figure 15.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions vs. GDP per Capita, 2002[1]

5. Selected Developed Countries
Figure 15.5 Environmentally-Based Taxes as a Share of Total Tax Revenue,
Selected Developed Countries

6. Global Lower-Income Class Global Middle-Income Class
Table Global Population Classification by Income and Environmental Impacts, 2005
Global Lower-Income Class
Global Middle-Income Class
Global Upper-Income Class
Population (millions)
2,343
3,018
1,004
Average income per capita (US dollars)
507
2,274
32,112
Energy use per capita (kg oil equivalent)
501
1,373
5,410
Electricity power consumption per capita (kWh)
358
1,720
9,503
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons)
0.8
3.3
12.8
Passenger cars per 1,000 population 6 51
433

7. Table A1.1 Stages of Demographic Transition
First Stage
Both birth and death rates are high. On average the number of children that survive in each family is just enough to keep the population stable or very slowly growing.
Second Stage
Death rates are reduced, while birth rates stay high, so that parents are typically survived by significantly more than the 2 children required to replace them. In the 18th-20th centuries this second stage developed in industrializing countries due to the nutritional advances that followed increased agricultural productivity, and also (especially after about 1850) better medical care and sanitation.
Third Stage
Birth rates start declining, but are still higher than death rates. The increased availability of contraception and improvements in female education contribute to this stage. In the third stage fertility rates are initially above replacement level, but will eventually drop to or possibly below replacement level. Population growth slows down, though it continues growing because of the number of child-bearing-age women.
Fourth Stage
Birth rates and death rates equalize at a low rate. Population growth is zero – but the population is considerably larger than it was when the process began.
Fifth Stage
Birth rates are lower than death rates. When the demographic transition was first conceptualized, the process was expected to stop at the Fourth Stage. In fact, however, some nations may move fairly rapidly from above- to below-replacement birth rates, passing through the fourth stage of equal birth and death rates. Population actually declines.

8. Figure 1 Population by Age and Sex, United States, 1900, 2000, and 2040 (projected) (to be continued)
(a) 1900
(b) 2000

9. (continued) Figure 1 Population by Age and Sex, United States, 1900, 2000, and 2040 (projected)
(c) 2040 (projected)

10. Figure 2: Old-Age Dependency Ratios, 1950-2050