1. Memmler’s A&P Chap 13 The Blood

2. The Blood p280 Classification: connective tissue Plasma Cells suspended in plasma – RBCs, WBCs, platelets Viscous Functions – Transportation – Regulation – Fluid balance – Protection

3. Blood constituents p280 Plasma Formed elements – Made in hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow Erythrocytes Leucocytes Platelets

4. Blood cells viewed under microscope p282

5. Erythrocytes p282 Red blood cells (RBCs) Functions Carry O2 Act as a pH buffer Carries small amount of CO2 Do not have a nucleus Erythropoietin stimulates RBC formation by hematopoetic stem cells

6. Leukocytes p283 White blood cells Types of WBCs – Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils – Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Fight disease Phagocytosis Made in Red Bone Marrow

7. Platelets p285 Thrombocytes Cell fragments made in red bone marrow Essential to blood coagulation – Platelet aggregation forms a platelet plug to stop blood loss

8. Hemostasis p285-286 Steps in hemostasis: – Vasoconstriction – Platelet aggregation – Formation of a blood clot Procoagulant Anticoagulant

9. Blood types p286 4 blood types – A, B, AB, O Rh factor – Either positive or negative: Rh+ or Rh- Blood compatibility – Transfusion reactions occur when ABO or Rh antigens are present that are different than pt own blood antigens – Universal donor= O- – Universal recipients= AB+

10. Whole blood transfusions p288 Treatment of massive hemorrhage For blood loss from internal bleeding During surgery that causes considerable blood loss For blood replacement for treating hemolytic disease of the newborn

11. Blood components p289 Plasma: used to replace blood volume. Not type specific since blood type markers are on the RBCs. Plasma expanders: IV fluids. Isotonic solutions.

12. Blood disorders p289 Anemia: abnormally low level of hemoglobin or RBCs in blood Leukemia: neoplastic blood disease with increase in WBC numbers Clotting disorders: bleeding tendencies due to deficiencies of clotting factors or low platelet numbers

13. Anemia p290 Hemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia Deficiency anemia Bone marrow suppression

14. Leukemia p291 Neoplastic disease of blood forming tissue characterized by an enormous increase in the number of white cells. These WBC’s are immature and unable to do their job.

15. Hematocrit p292 Hematocrit Hemoglobin Hematocrit should be roughly 3x the hemoglobin in a well hydrated person. EX: hematocrit 45, hemoglobin 15 Abnormally low hematocrit or hemoglobin levels suggest anemia.

16. Blood tests p293 Red cell counts White cell counts Platelet counts CBC (complete blood count) Blood chemistry tests Coagulation studies (clotting times) Bone marrow biopsy