2. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrate Class: Birds (Aves) Over 9700 different species divided into 29 different orders. BIRD CLASSIFICATION:

3. CHARACTERISICS OF BIRDS: Feathers: (modified scales)  Flight  Insulation  Made of keratin Four different types of feathers: 1.Down feathers:  Soft and Fluffy  Entire body of young  Adult: Lies closest to body for insulation Down feather

4. 2.Contour feathers:  Streamline shape  Bottom part similar to Down (insulation)  Coloration  Camouflage  Identifies species/sex Contour Feather

5. 3.Flight feathers: (modified Contour)  Wings & tail  Helps provide lift for flight

6. 4.Bristle feathers:  Located on Eyes, Nostrils & Around Face  Filter dirt  Similar to eyelashes/nose hair

7. PARTS OF A FEATHER: Follicle: Tiny pit in skin where feathers develop Shaft or quill: Develops from follicle & runs up center of feather Vanes: 2 vanes per feather on each side of shaft Barbs: Many make up a vane Barbules: Have hooks on ends to hold barbs together Hooks Hold barbules together

8. VANE

9. (deep)

10. Similar Structures…Amphibians…Reptiles…

11. Preening: Use beak to spread oil from preening gland, helps repel water Preening Gland: Base of tail, contains oil Molting: Shed feathers (once a year)

12. Skeletal System:  Light & Strong  Thin, hollow, air filled, & rigid bones  Humerus, radius, ulna, pectoral girdle, & sternum (keel) support wings  Many fused bones

13. Muscular System:  Large filament muscles for strength  Flight muscles = 50% weight

14. Metabolism:  Very fast metabolism  Temperature: 104-105º F  Rapid breathing  Generate heat to warm body internally  Need large quantities of food  Can’t go long periods of time w/o eating  Layer of fat for insulation  Endothermic metabolism:

15. Digestive System: Passage of food: Mouth Esophagus Crop Two-part stomach Small intestines Large Intestines (Caeca) Cloaca Proventriculus Gizzard

16. Large Intestine Esophagus StomachStomach

17. Crop: Storage for food; where it’s moistened Proventriculus: First part of stomach; where digestion starts Gizzard: Helps kneed the food (eat pebbles to help crush food) Small Intestines: Where most food is digested, absorbed and broken down by enzymes and bile Large Intestines: (Caeca/um) Water absorbed, waste separated from nutrients Cloaca: Where everything comes together 45 MINUTES TO DIGEST & REMOVE!!!

18. **Crop Has Been Removed

20. Gizzard with Pebbles

21. Lower Digestive System

22. Excretory System:  Filters nitrogenous wastes from blood with kidney  Urine contains uric acid (white)  NO URINARY BLADDER=LIGHTER FOR FLIGHT

24. Respiratory System:  Elaborate and highly efficient  Needs lots of oxygen continuously  High metabolic rate

25. Passage of air: Pair of nostrils Located near base of beak Trachea Where air passes after entering nostrils Bronchi 2 bronchi, air goes in second; lead to air sacs Lungs 75% bypasses lungs Air Sacs 9 air sacs, extend from lungs; reduces density; stores air

26. TRACHEA Esophagus

28. Circulatory System:  4 Chambered Heart  2-A  2-V (THICK)  Septum-Divides Ventricles…NO MIXING Humming Bird – 600 times/minute Chickadee – 1000 times/minute A V SEPTUM

29. Oxygenated blood (red) is pumped from the lungs to various parts of the body; Deoxygenated blood (blue) is returned for recycling.

30. Nervous System:  Very Large Brains  Coordinated movement  Contains large optic lobes (very good color)  Wide field of vision  Excellent depth perception

31. Reproduction: Males:  Sperm is produced in 2 testes  Sperm passes through small tubes called vasa deferntia into the phallus to the cloaca  Mating – male presses his cloaca to the female cloaca and releases sperm Retracted and Erect phallus of a male

32. Females:  Single ovary on left side of body  Ovary releases eggs into oviduct where they’re fertilized  Fertilized eggs move down the oviduct where they receive a protective covering and shell  Egg passes out cloaca

33. For most birds, copulation involves a “cloacal kiss”, with the male on the female's back & twisting his tail under the female's -Copulation typically lasts just a few seconds

34. Oviparity:   Lay eggs in nest which conceals young from predators & provides shelter

35. Parental Care:   Both parents incubate eggs by sitting on them   Feathered patch of skin (brood patch) for covering

36. Migration:   When cold and food is scarce-fly south

37. Diversity of the species:   Use beak, feet, plumage & DNA to classify

38. Navigation:   Use stars & sun; earths magnetic field; changes in air pressure; low frequency sounds; topographical landmarks