2. Modul ke: Fakultas Program Studi The Module 1 is intended to give you further understanding of how and what is needed to comprehend much better concerning the aspects of time and its changes. 13 FAKULTAS EKONOMI dan BISNIS Program Studi MANAJEMEN

3. The Path to Effective Writing

4. Verbs and Voice Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action. There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

5. Active Voice Active Voice – indicates that the subject of the verb is acting Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

6. Active Voice  These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.  The dog jumped onto the boy.  The dog (subject) is doing the jumping (verb).  Kristy will give a book report to the class.  Kristy (subject) is doing the giving (verb).  The computer ate my paper.  The computer (subject) is doing the eating (verb).

7. Passive Voice In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action. Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

8. Passive Voice These examples show the subject being acted upon by the verb. The boy was jumped on by the dog. – Boy (subject) was being jumped on (verb) A book report will be given by Kristy to the class. – Report (subject) will be given (verb). My paper was eaten by the computer. – Paper (subject) was being eaten (verb).

9. Reasons to Use the Active Voice Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct. Compare – Active: The waiter dropped the tray of food. – Passive: The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

10. Reasons to Use the Active Voice  The active voice is less awkward and clearly states relationship between subject and action.  Compare  Passive: Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee.  Active: The review committee denied your request for funding.  The active voice sentence pattern propels the reader forward through your writing thus avoiding weak prose.

11. When to Use Passive Voice  In general, the passive voice is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active voice.  Use the passive voice in the following situations:  Use passive voice when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an action.  Use passive voice when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action.

12. Examples Awkward Passive: My bicycle was repainted by John. Deliberate Passive: My bicycle was repainted. (The performer is not mentioned and the emphasis is on the bicycle.)

13. Form of Passive Voice Verbs  The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb.  Example: Active: John baked the bread. Passive: The bread was baked by John. (Was is a form of the verb “be”.)

14. Form of Passive Voice Verbs  Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to be", often called linking verbs, so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.  Review the forms of "to be":  am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

15. Form of Passive Voice Verbs Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice: is kicked----------------had been kicked was kicked-------------is going to be kicked is being kicked---------will be kicked has been kicked-------can be kicked was being kicked------should be kicked

16. Form of Passive Voice Verbs  Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action.  Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.

17. Form of Passive Voice Verbs  Examples:  Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.  Active: The children ate the cookies.  Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.  Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.

18. Let’s Practice  Directions: Change the sentences below to the active voice. 1.The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every year. 2.My books were stolen by someone yesterday. 3.These books had been left in the classroom by a careless student. 4.Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation workers. 5.The house had been broken into by someone while the owners were on vacation.

19. Let’s Practice  Directions: Change the sentences below to the passive voice. 1.Children cannot open these bottles easily. 2.The government built a road right outside her front door. 3.Mr. Ross broke the antique vase as he walked through the store. 4.When she arrived, the changes amazed her. 5.The construction workers are making street repairs all month long.

20. 05-05-2009BCK19 Active & Passive Active & Passive Active Voice Form When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is doing the action, we use the verb of that sentence in its Active form: e.g. A man is cutting down a tree. ‘A man’ = subject -- doing the action -- cutting - Active

21. 05-05-2009BCK20 Active & Passive Active & Passive Passive Voice Form When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is not doing anything but is allowing something to be done to it by somebody else, we use the Passive Voice form: e.g. A tree is being cut down by a man. ‘A tree’ = subject = not doing anything, but allowing ‘a man’ to cut it. Passive

22. 05-05-2009BCK21 Active-Passive Voice – example 1 The boy is carrying the girl.Active Voice The boy is carrying the girl.Active Voice The boy = subject The boy = subject is carrying = verb is carrying = verb the girl = object of the verb the girl = object of the verb Who is doing the action of carrying? = ‘The boy’ – subject of the sentence

23. 05-05-2009BCK22 Active-Passive Voice – example 2 The girl is being carried by the boy. Passive Voice The girl = subject is being carried = verb by = preposition the boy = object of the preposition ‘by’ Who is doing the action of carrying? = Not ‘The girl’, the subject, but ‘the boy’, the object

24. 05-05-2009BCK23 Active-Passive Voice – changes 1 John reads a book every day. Active Voice ‘John’ -- the subject of the Active sentence… A book is read every day by John. Passive Voice ‘by John’ – object of the preposition ‘by’ The subject of the Active sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive sentence!

25. 05-05-2009BCK24 Active-Passive Voice – changes 2 John reads a book every day. Active Voice ‘reads’ – verb of the Active sentence A book is read every day by John. Passive voice The Active form of the verb in Active sentence is changed into the Passive form in Passive sentence. ‘reads’ becomes “is read”!

26. 05-05-2009BCK25 Active-Passive Voice – changes 3 John reads a book every day. Active Voice ‘a book’ -- object of the verb A book is read every day by John. Passive voice ‘A book’ -- subject of the passive sentence… The object of the verb in the Active sentence becomes the subject of the Passive sentence.

27. 05-05-2009BCK26 Active-Passive Voice – note 1 He cooks food. Active Voice ‘food’ – object of the verb – singular Food is cooked by him. Passive Voice ‘Food’ – subject of the passive sentence – singular, so ‘is cooked’ -- verb singular When the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must also be in singular

28. 05-05-2009BCK27 Active-Passive Voice – note 2 When the subject of a sentence is Plural, the verb of that sentence must be Plural: He carried some books.Active Voice ‘some books’ -- object of the verb in Active – Plural Some books were carried by him. Passive Voice ‘were carried’ – verb – ‘were’ plural / ‘books’ plural

29. 05-05-2009BCK28 Active-Passive Voice -- note 3 She has signed ten letters.Active Voice ‘She’ – subject;‘has’ – part of the verb – singular ‘ten letters’ – object of the verb in Active -- plural Ten letters h hh have been signed by her. Passive Voice ‘Ten letters’ – subject – plural; ‘have been signed’ verb – ‘have’ -- plural

30. 05-05-2009BCK29 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 1 She bakes cakes. Active ‘bakes’ – verb – Simple Present Tense Cakes are baked by her. Passive Voice ‘are baked’ – verb – Simple Present Tense

31. 05-05-2009 BCK 30 Active-Passive – Tense Change 2 He is building a sand castle. ‘is building’ – verb – present continues tense – ACTIVE VOICE FORM A sand castle is being built by him. ‘is being built’ – verb – present continues tense PASSIVE VOICE FORM

32. 05-05-2009 BCK 31 Active-Passive -- Tense Change 3 He has drawn a picture. ‘has drawn’ – verb – present perfect tense ACTIVE VOICE A picture has been drawn by him. ‘has been drawn’ – verb – present perfect tense PASSIVE VOICE

33. 05-05-2009BCK32 Active-Passive – Tense Change 4 According to the traditional grammar rules, the present perfect continues tense is not used in PASSIVE VOICE FORM; however, in the contemporary English, there are occasions where the present perfect continues tense is used in the Passive Voice: e.g. He has been mowing the lawn. Active Voice The lawn has been being mowed by him. Passive Voice

34. 05-05-2009BCK33 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 5 She told me a secret.Active Voice ‘told’ – verb – simple past tense A secret was told (to) me by her. Passive Voice ‘was told’ – verb – simple past tense

35. 05-05-2009BCK34 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 6 The postman was delivering the post. ‘was delivering’ -- verb -- Past Continuous Tense ACTIVE VOICE FORM The post was being delivered by the postman. ‘was being delivered’ -- verb -- Past continuous Tense PASSIVE VOICE FORM

36. 05-05-2009BCK35 Active-Passive Voice -- Tense Change 7 She had eaten several peas before she offered him any. ‘had eaten’ – verb – past perfect tense – Active Several peas had been eaten by her before she offered him any. ‘had been eaten’ – verb – past perfect tense -- Passive

37. 05-05-2009BCK36 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 8 According to the traditional grammar rules, the past perfect continuous tense is not used in Passive form; however, in the contemporary English, there are occasions where the past perfect tense is used in the Passive Form, too! He had been writing letters for half an hour before somebody called him out. Letters had been being written for half an hour (by him) before somebody called him out.

38. 05-05-2009BCK37 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 9 They will give the beggar some money. ‘will give’ -- verb -- simple future tense -- Active The beggar will be given some money by them. ‘will be given’ -- verb -- simple future tense -- Passive

39. 05-05-2009BCK38 Active-Passive -- Tense Change10 According to the traditional grammar rules, the future continuous tense in the Active is not used in Passive Voice Form. e.g. They will be playing with fireworks by the time their father reaches home. Active ‘will be playing’ – verb – future continuous -------- NO PASSIVE --------

40. 05-05-2009BCK39 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 11 Sue will have sewn two dresses by 12 O’ clock. ‘will have sewn’ – verb – future perfect tense – Active Two dresses will have been sewn by 12 O’ clock by Sue. ‘will have been sewn’ – verb – future perfect tense -- Passive

41. 05-05-2009BCK40 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 12 According to the traditional grammar rules, the future perfect continuous tense is not used in the Passive Voice Form: e.g. You will have been working on the course material for 2 hours by 6 in the evening. ‘will have been working’ – verb – Future Perfect Continuous Tense – Active ---------- NO CHANGE ----------

42. 05-05-2009BCK41 Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 13 The Modal Auxiliary (helping) Verbs in Passive Voice Form take ‘be’: e.g. He will give you a book. Active Voice You will be given a book by him. Passive e.g. They can pick a number. Active Voice A number can be picked by them. Passive e.g. We must finish this job. Active Voice This job must be finished by us. Passive

43. 05-05-2009BCK42 Active-Passive Voice – note 1 The Subject of the active voice sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive Voice sentence. The preposition is usually ‘by’ when the object is a person, and ‘with’ when the object is a thing, such as a knife, gun, arrow, etc. e.g. The hunter shot the deer with an arrow. Active The deer was shot with an arrow by the hunter. Passive ‘an arrow’ -- a thing – preposition ‘with’ ‘a hunter’ -- a person -- preposition ‘by’

44. 05-05-2009BCK43 Active-Passive Voice – note 2 When there are two objects of the verb in the active voice sentence, we can change that active sentence into passive in two way: using the first object in one sentence and the second object in the other.

45. 05-05-2009BCK44 Active-Passive Voice – note 2 (continued) e.g. The teacher teaches you a lesson. Active ‘you’ – object of the verb / ‘a lesson’ – object of the verb (A)Y ou are taught a lesson by the teacher. Passive (B)A lesson is taught to you by the teacher. Passive

46. 05-05-2009BCK45 Active-Passive Voice -- n ote 3 In writing the Passive Voice, in most cases, the preposition – ‘by’ or ‘with’ – and its object are not used, because they are understood: e.g. The cook made me an omelette. Active Voice An omelette was made for me by the cook.. Passive Voice

47. Terima Kasih