1. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-1 Earth’s Radiation & Energy Budget Resulting Seasonal and Daily Temperature Variations Vertical Temperature Variation Latitudinal Variation Diurnal Variation Maximum-Minimum Temperature Seasonal Variation Land and Water Variation Long-term Variation Science Concepts Radiation-Temperature Relationship The Earth System (Kump, Kastin & Crane) Chap. 3 (p. 45) Chap. 4 (pp. 66-72)

2. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-2 Temperature Variability Why does the temperature decrease with height in the lower atmosphere? Why does temperature increase with height in the stratosphere? http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/ additional/atmosphere.htm Stratosphere Troposphere 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (°F) -120-80-40040 80 50 100 150 200 250 300 Mesosphere Thermosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Height (km) Height (kft)

3. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-3 Stratosphere Troposphere 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (°F) -120-80-40040 80 50 100 150 200 250 300 Mesosphere Thermosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Height (km) Height (kft) Vertical Temperature Variation Relationship to ozone distribution (Blue line) Temperature Variability Ozone Concentration

4. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-4 Temperature Variability Vertical Temperature Variation (Con’t) Temperature lapse rate -Definition Lapse Rate= - Change in temperature Change in height = - ( T 2 - T 1 ) ( z 2 - z 1 ) -Average lapse rate within the troposphere is 6.5°C/km -Inversion is a negative lapse rate, i.e., an increase in temperature with height

5. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-5 Temperature Variability Vertical Temperature Variation (Con’t) Troposphere -Top ~10-12 km -Where most weather occurs -Contains ~80% of atmospheric mass and almost all the water vapor and clouds -Temperature decreases with height -Upper boundary called the tropopause >Tropopause height depends on latitude and season ‡Maximum height in tropics; lowest at poles Stratosphere Troposphere 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (°F) -120-80-40040 80 50 100 150 200 250 300 Mesosphere Thermosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Height (km) Height (kft)

6. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-6 Temperature Variability Vertical Temperature Variation (Con’t) Stratosphere -Height ~12 to 50 km -Maximum “Good” ozone amount >Maximum ~30 km -Temperature constant and increases with height (an inversion) -Increase mainly caused by uv ozone absorption -Few clouds; little water vapor Stratosphere Troposphere 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (°F) -120-80-40040 80 50 100 150 200 250 300 Mesosphere Thermosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Height (km) Height (kft)

7. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-7 Temperature Variability Vertical Temperature Variation (Con’t) Mesosphere -Height ~50 to 85 km -Continuous decrease in temperature Thermosphere -Height ~85 to 500 km -No temperatures because of very low density gases emittances may be measured Exosphere -Height >500 km -pressure so low that it could be called a vacuum Stratosphere Troposphere 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Temperature (°F) -120-80-40040 80 50 100 150 200 250 300 Mesosphere Thermosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Height (km) Height (kft)

8. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-8 Temperature Variability Horizontal Temperature Variation Variation of 1971-2000 Annual Mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Note basic pattern is north-south variation, but does not exactly follow latitudes http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/precip/realtime/clim/annual/sst/mean_pentad_sst.71_00.total.gif

9. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-9 Temperature Variability http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ cgi-bin/climaps/climaps.pl Horizontal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Annual average (1961-1990) surface temperature (°F) -Note doesn’t exactly follow latitude circles

10. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-10 Temperature Variability Horizontal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Average 2001-2005 surface temperature (°C) anomaly from 1951-1980 average http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20060925/ EQ 30° 60° 30° 60° U.S. Europe Amazon Africa China Canada

11. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-11 Temperature Variability Horizontal Temperature Variation (Con’t) 1882-2003 surface temperature (°C) changes Blue is cooling; red is warming http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20060925/ EQ 30° 60° 30°

12. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-12 Temperature Variability Horizontal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Ice - albedo positive feedback http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20060925/

13. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-13 Temperature Variability Diurnal Temperature Variation Terrestrial and solar radiation 12369 369 Time P.M.A.M. Solar Heating Rate Sunrise Sunset Terrestrial Radiation Rate Zen Thoughts - A day without sunshine is like, night.

14. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-14 Temperature Variability Diurnal Temperature Variation Net heating and cooling 12369 369 Time P.M.A.M. Maximum Solar Heating Gain Sunrise Sunset Maximum Terrestrial Radiation Loss Net Cooling Net Warming Science quotes of 5th and 6th graders - Some people can tell what time it is by looking at the Sun. But I have never been able to make out the numbers.

15. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-15 Temperature Variability Diurnal Temperature Variation Temperature lags radiation 12369 369 Time P.M.A.M. Maximum Solar Heating Gain Sunrise Sunset Maximum Terrestrial Radiation Loss Net Cooling Net Warming Maximum Air Temperature Minimum Air Temperature Lag

16. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-16 Temperature Variability Assume you had to predict tomorrow’s maximum temperature, what would you need to consider? How would you begin? What p hysical processes should you consider?

17. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-17 Temperature Variability Diurnal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Daytime maximum -Time of year -Today’s maximum temperature -Elevation -Surface characteristics >Land cover - urban, suburban or rural, vegetation >Type soil - sand, clay, plowed fields -Moisture content of the soil - Cloud cover - Wind speed >Free convection >Forced convection Windy Temperature (°C) Calm 1 2 3 Afternoon 40305060 Altitude (m)

18. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-18 Temperature Variability Assume you had to predict tonight’s minimum temperature, what would you need to consider? How would you begin? What p hysical processes should you consider?

19. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-19 Temperature Variability Diurnal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Nighttime minimum -Time of year -Today’s minimum temperature -Elevation slope >Valley’s colder than hillside at night due to cold air drainage -Surface characteristics >Land cover - urban, suburban or rural, vegetation >Type soil - sand, clay, plowed fields -Moisture content of air -Cloud cover -Wind speed >Free convection >Forced convection Note: Radiation inversions; both cases -Can lead to dew, frost, fog formation 10 Windy 1 2 3 -4 -202468 Temperature (°C) Night Calm Altitude (m)

20. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-20 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation Terrestrial and solar radiation JFMMAJJASOND Solar Radiation Rate Terrestrial Radiation Rate Summer Solstice Winter Solstice

21. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-21 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Net heating and cooling JFMMAJJASOND Solar Radiation Rate Terrestrial Radiation Rate Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Net Heating Net Cooling

22. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-22 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Temperature lags radiation JFMMAJJASOND Solar Radiation Rate Terrestrial Radiation Rate Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Net Heating Net Cooling Air Temperature Minimum Air Temperature Maximum Air Temperature Lag

23. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-23 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Surface Temperature (1985-1992) http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Observatory/ Science quotes of 5th and 6th graders - South America has cold summers and hot winters, but some- how they still manage. ????????

24. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-24 July Average Max Temperature Variability Jan Average Max Jan Average Min July Average Min Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Average (1961-1990) Surface Temperature (°F) http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ cgi-bin/climaps/climaps.pl

25. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-25 Temperature Variability 2003 January Mean Temperature (K) 2003 July Mean Temperature (K) http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/products_suite/products_suite_temp.html Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) 263273283293303 Degrees Kelvin

26. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-26 Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Temperature Variability 2003 January Mean Temperature (K) 2003 July Mean Temperature (K) http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/products_suite/products_suite_temp.html 263273283293303 Degrees Kelvin

27. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-27 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Jan Average Temperature (°C)

28. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-28 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Jul Average Temperature (°C)

29. Climate and Global Change Notes 17-29 Temperature Variability Seasonal Temperature Variation (Con’t) Annual Temperature Range (°C)