1. SECOND GREAT AWAKENING AND REFORM MOVEMENTS

2. Religious Skepticism ■Many had moved away from traditional church (enlightenment thought) –With the Revolution came the ideas “rational theology” –Some practiced deism—the idea that God exists but has withdrawn from interaction with humans and their sin –Some historians argue that Jefferson was a deist ■“I have little doubt that the whole of our country will soon be rallied to the Unity of the Creator, and, I hope, to the pure doctrines of Jesus also.” -Thomas Jefferson ■Does this quote show him as a deist? Explain

3. Second Great Awakening ■Conservative theologians tried to revitalize their organizations –Methodism (lead by John Wesley) sent itinerant preachers throughout the nation to convert recruits –Baptists were also successful, more so in the South ■The Presbyterians (lead by Timothy Dwight from Yale) spread westward –Cane Ridge, KY was the site of a large revival (25K) –They created a religious frenzy with fits, convulsions, and “holy jerks” –Recollection from a young man at Cane Ridge: ■The noise was like the roar of Niagara. The vast sea of human beings seemed to be agitated as if by a storm. I counted seven ministers, all preaching at one time, some on stumps, others on wagons... Some of the people were singing, others praying, some crying for mercy. A peculiarly strange sensation came over me. My heart beat tumultuously, my knees trembled, my lips quivered, and I felt as though I must fall to the ground.

4. Second Great Awakening ■They believed that you had to reject skeptical rationalism and embrace active piety –Many moved back towards the church but they would not accept the old ideas of predestination, etc. ■General Beliefs and ideas –Favored ordinary people over elite –Salvation was available to all (no pre-destination) –Placed emphasis on peoples ability to make choices and change their lifestyles and communities (important for its effect on the reform movements)

5. Cultural Changes ■Transcendentalism –Characteristics: ■Challenged materialism ■Mystical and intuitive self-discovery –Examples: ■Emerson –Reject European traditions; Spiritual over material; abolitionist ■Thoreau –“On Civil Disobedience,” and WaldenOn Civil Disobedience ■Margaret Fuller ■Utopian Experiments –Brook Farm –The Shakers –Oneida ■Arts and Literature –Painting ■Hudson River School –Cole and Church –Architecture ■Greek revival –Literature ■Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville –Performance ■Minstrel shows

6. Reforming Society ■Temperance –Causes: ■Overconsumption/alcoholism ■Domestic violence ■Absenteeism/loss of jobs ■Nativism –Organizations and Methods ■American Temperance Society ■Neal Dow and the Maine Law ■Penal Reform –Punishment vs. Rehabilitation –Mental Hospitals ■Dorthea Dix ■Educational Reform –Public Schools & Teacher Training ■Horace Mann –Moral Education ■McGuffey ReadersMcGuffey Readers –Higher Education ■Denominational colleges in the west. ■College education for women: Mount Holyoke & Oberlin

7. Women’s Movement ■Gender Roles: –Cult of Domesticity ■Strengthened by men’s absence –Women in the Workplace ■Effects on marriage and children –Conformity/Dress ■Amelia Bloomer ■Movement for Women’s Rights –Grimké Sisters, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton ■Connection to abolitionist movement –Rejection at World Anti-Slavery Society, 1839 –Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

8. Anti-Slavery Movement ■American Colonization Society (1817) ■American Antislavery Society (1831) –William Lloyd Garrison ■The Liberator ■Liberty Party (1840) ■Abolitionists –Immediatists vs. Gradualists –Arthur & Lewis Tappan –Black Abolitionists ■Frederick Douglass –The North Star ■Walker, Tubman, Truth –Rebellions ■Denmark Vesey (1822) ■Nat Turner (1831) –Underground Railroad