1. Welcome to Psychology! Mr. Hoffman Springbrook High School G323

2. Heart - “Crazy On You

3. Tonight’s Homework Required Supplies Separate 3-Ring Notebook/Binder Lined filler paper 2 pens (black/blue ONLY) 2 pencils 100 index cards (3x5) Assignment Book

4. Psychology “An Artful Science” Part 1 – Introduction to Psychology Mr. Hoffman

5. A Word on Words “Words have power. Their effect on people is an awesome thing to behold. They may inspire or dishearten, warm the soul with love or freeze the heart with hate. Words have meanings more than their genesis’. And it is in these beginnings, these origins, from which their true power springs and gives birth to their effect on us all.”

6. A few questions to start:  How do you KNOW is someone is “insane”?  “Hysterical”  “Lunatic”

7.  Many things that happen to us leave no record in memory True or False? True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets distorted

8.  You are born with all the brain cells you will ever have True or False? False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout life

9. True or False? Both center patches are the same shade of gray

11. True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background

13.  Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a person’s life True or False? False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment, and may change throughout your life

14.  The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the population True or False? True: Depression, the single most common disorder, may affect up to a third of the population at some point in their lives

15.  Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it less False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people True or False?

16. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?  Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes  Psychology is not Mere speculation about human nature A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true

17. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes

18. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?  Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes  Psychology is not Mere speculation about human nature A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true

19. Pseudopsychology – Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?  Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology

20. For Example The Young Rascals – How Can I Be Sure?

21. Fields of Psychology  Developmental  Physiological  Experimental  Personality  Clinical and Counseling  Social  Industrial and Organizational (I/O)

22. Areas by Research Interests

23. Areas by Profession

24. Developmental Psychology studies human mental and physical growth from conception to death child psychologists adolescent psychologists life-span psychologists

25. Physiological Psychology investigates the biological basis of human behavior neuropsychologists psychobiologists behavioral geneticists

26. Experimental Psychology  learning  memory  sensation  perception  cognition  motivation  emotion conducts research on basic psychological processes, such as: psychological processes, such as:

27. Personality Psychology  Personality psychologists study the differences among individuals.

28. Clinical & Counseling Psychology  Clinical psychologists are interested primarily in the diagnosis, cause, and treatment of psychological disorders.  Counseling psychologists are concerned primarily with “normal” problems of adjustments in life.

29. Social Psychology  Social psychologists study how people influence one another.

30. Industrial & Organizational Psychology Psychology applied to the workplace. I/O psychologists are interested in  selecting and training personnel  improving productivity and working conditions  the impact of computerization and automation on workers

31. Warning! Industrial & Organizational Psychology was Mr. Hoffman’s undergraduate major

32. Enduring Issues in Psychology  Person — Situation  Heredity — Environment  Stability — Change  Diversity  Mind — Body

33. Psychology as Science  scientific method  theory  hypotheses

34. Scientific Method  An approach to knowledge that relies on a systematic method of generating hypotheses, collecting data, and explaining the data.

35. Theory  The systematic explanation of a phenomenon.

36. Hypothesis  A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory.

37. Goals of Psychology  describe,  explain,  predict,  and control some behaviors

39. Structuralism: Wundt & Titchener  Structuralism was concerned with identifying the units of conscious experience.  1879: Wundt founds psychology’s first laboratory at Leipzig  Titchener subdivided consciousness into physical sensations, feelings, and images

40. Functionalism: William James  Functionalism was concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience.  James argued that consciousness cannot be broken into elements.  coined the phrase “stream of consciousness”

41. Psychodynamics: Sigmund Freud  Freud focused on the unconscious determinants of behavior.  Freud developed a method of therapy called psychoanalysis.

42. Behaviorism: Watson & Skinner  Behaviorism is only concerned with behavior that can be observed and measured.  Watson founded behaviorism.  Skinner focused on the role of reinforcement.

43. Gestalt: Wertheimer, Köhler, & Koffka  Gestalt movement was concerned with the perception of “good form.”  coined the phrase “the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts”

44. Existential and Humanistic  Existentialism is concerned with alienation and apathy in modern life.  Humanism is concerned with helping people realize their full potential.

45. Cognitive Psychology  concerned with memory, thinking, language, learning, decision making  expanded the concept of “behavior” to include thoughts, feelings, and states of consciousness

46. Evolutionary Psychology concerned with:  the evolutionary origins of behaviors and mental process,  their adaptive value,  and the purposes they continue to serve

47. Psychology and Human Diversity  The American Psychological Association has created several divisions to promote the representation and appreciation of diverse perspectives.

48. 3 Feminist Challenges  the most important research findings from the past were based on all-male samples  gender difference studies tend to focus on the extremes of gender differences  many issues that were not important to male researchers were not studied

49. Some Current Sexual Orientation Issues Being Researched  origins of sexual orientation  brain differences between heterosexual and homosexual men

50. Ethnic and Minority Issues  Appreciation for the unique challenges faced by individuals from various ethnic backgrounds.

51. Research Methodologies  Naturalistic Observation  Case Studies  Surveys  Correlational Research  Experimental Research

52. Naturalistic Observation  observing and recording the behavior of subjects in their natural environment

53. Naturalistic Observation Advantages  can observe what occurs before and after a target behaviorDisadvantages  less control over variables  cannot imply causality

54. Naturalistic Observation Advantages  insight into the important factors to study  no artificiality of the laboratory Disadvantages  observer bias & subject reactivity  target behavior only occurs once

55. Case Studies  Intensive description and analysis of a single individual or just a few individuals.

56. Case Studies Advantages  rich description of subject(s)  each subject serves as own control Disadvantages  generalizability is decreased by small sample size

57. Case Studies Advantages  no large groups of subjects  no random assignment Disadvantages  subject may be an exception  observer bias

58. Survey  A research technique in which questionnaires or interviews are administered to a selected group of people.

59. SurveyAdvantages  large quantity of information  relatively inexpensive Disadvantages  respondents may not be representative  response biases  truthfulness of responses

60. Correlational Research  A research technique based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables.

61. Correlational Research Advantages  description and prediction possible Disadvantages  no control over variables  cannot imply causality

62. Experimental Method A research technique in which an investigator  deliberately manipulates selected events or circumstances and  then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent behavior.

63. Experimental Research  independent variable: the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to test its effects  dependent variable: the variable that is measured to see how it is changed by the independent variable

64. Experimental Research  experimental group: the group subjected to a change in the independent variable  control group: the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable

65. Experimental Research Advantages  conclusions about causality can be made Disadvantages  more ethical considerations  behavior is constrained to laboratory

66. Importance of Sampling  sample: selection of cases from a larger population  random sample: each potential participant has an equal chance of being selected  representative sample: the characteristics of the participants corresponds closely to the characteristics of the larger population

68. APA Ethical Guidelines (humans)  informed consent must be documented  awareness of possible risks  limitations on confidentiality specified  limitations on the use of deception  equitable alternatives must be offered if course credit is given for participation

69. APA Ethical Guidelines (animals)  Researchers must ensure “appropriate consideration of [the animal’s] comfort, health, and humane treatment.”  Animals may not be subjected to “pain, stress, or privation” when an alternative procedure is available.