1. classification

2. Classification taxonomy –science of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics

3. WHY CLASSIFY ORGANISMS?

4. 1.common names can often be misleading jellyfish, starfish, cuttlefish, silverfish

5. mountain lion, puma, cougar, panther

6. ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm fungus insect larva aquatic worm

7. Purpose for Classifying Organisms brings order to the diversity of life allows identification of new organisms basis for scientifically naming organisms universal standard for communication

8. classification provides a framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species

9. History of Classification Aristotle (350B.C.) –placed all known organisms into two groups –animals & plants

10. History of Classification Carolus Linnaeus (1750) –father of taxonomy –classified organisms by physical & structural similarities –places organisms into Species –places species into Genera –introduced binomial nomenclature written in Latin (Genus, species)

11. Correctly Naming Organisms Scientifically First name: Genus (First letter CAPITALIZED ) second name: Species (all lower case) underline (if hand written) or italicized (computer) ex: Eastern grey squirrel –Sciurus carolinensis

12. What Do We Use to Classify Organisms?

13. Evolutionary Relationships 1. Structural Similarities many shared physical structures provide evidence of close relationship and common ancestry ex: Lynx & Bobcat

14. Structural Similarities ex: dandelion & sunflower

15. Evolutionary Relationships 2. Geographical Distribution location of a species help determine relationship with other species ex: finches on the Galapogos

16. Evolutionary Relationships 3. Chromosomal Comparison chromosome number and shape ex: cauliflower, cabbage, kale, broccoli chromosomes are almost identical

17. Evolutionary Relationships 4. Biochemistry looks at DNA and similar proteins ex: horseshoe crab –originally classified with Crustacea

18. ex: horseshoe crab –better classified as Arachnida

19. Evolutionary Relationships 5. Breeding Behavior mating calls or mating periods ex: frogs, birds

20. Classification Evolutionary Relationships developing the evolutionary history of an organism is phylogeny

21. Classification Evolutionary Relationships phylogeny of all life

22. Classification Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model –shows evolutionary relationships between organisms

23. Classification Evolutionary Relationships cladogram model A B C D E

24. Classification History of Classification 1700’s Aristotle’s system Plantae & Animalia

25. Classification History of Classification Late 1800’s with the use of the microscope, new kingdom was found Plantae, Animalia & Protista

26. Classification History of Classification 1950’s New tool - electron microscope, new kingdom was found without a nucleus Plantae, Animalia, Protista & Monera (bacteria)

27. Classification History of Classification 1960’s Biochemical studies showed difference in cell wall composition (split up one of our Kingdoms) Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera & Fungi chitin

28. Classification History of Classification 1990’s Structural and biochemical studies found difference in cell wall of some Monerans Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Fungi peptidoglycan

29. Classification Current System 3 Domain system developed from looking at ribosomal RNA Bacteria – Eubacteria Archea – Archaebacteria Eukarya – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

30. Classification Current System 3 Domain system

31. Classification Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain – broadest classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific –sometimes -subspecies (animals), varieties (plants) strains (bacteria) D K P C O F G S

32. Classification Taxonomic Hierarchy classification of human? Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Anamilia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Primate Family – Homididae Genus – Homo Species – Sapien –Binomial name? –Homo sapien

33. Classification Tools for classification field guide gives physical description of species may show range (locations it lives in) gives picture of species

34. Classification Tools for classification dichotomous key uses sets of paired (usually opposite) traits to help classify a species GeospizaCamarhynchusCerthideaPlatyspiza