1. CLASS PROCEDURES August 14, 2015

2. D.A.S.H. Date: Friday, August 14, 2015 Agenda: Notes on Chapter 2 Lesson 2 and then quiz over sections 1 and 2.  State Objective: Content Standard 1--The student will analyze the transformation of the United States through its civil rights struggles, immigrant experiences,  settlement of the American West, and the industrialization of American society in the Post-Reconstruction through the Progressive Eras, 1865 to 1900.  Homework/Classwork: Note taking over Lessons 1 and 2 of Chapter 2. Any work to check turn it before you leave.

3. D.A.S.H. DATE: August 18, 2015 AGENDA: Finish the notes on sections 1 and 2, start section 3 notes if time permits. STATE OBJECTIVE: Content Standard 1--The student will analyze the transformation of the United States through its civil rights struggles, immigrant experiences, settlement of the American West, and the industrialization of American society in the Post-Reconstruction through the Progressive Eras, 1865 to 1900. HOMEWORK/CLASSWORK: Finish the assignment on Chapter 2—vocabulary and short-answer questions. Begin work on Chapter 3 assignment.

4. Bell ringer #3 1. What are nomads? 2. What are annuities? 3. What happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn? 4. What does assimilate mean? 5. The army encouraged the killing of buffalo in order to: A. force Native Americans onto the reservations B. make way for new railroad lines C. protect crops D. starve Native Americans

5. Notes over Lesson 2 The Great Plains is a region of prairie that stretches from west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. It received the nickname “GREAT AMERICAN DESERT” when Major Stephen Long explored the area and felt it was unfit for farming. This name delayed development of the area but the U.S. government deemed it suitable for Indian tribes to be relocated there! Growth of the railroad and the Homestead Act of 1862 provided the encouragement for settlers to move to the Great Plains. An individual could file for a HOMESTEAD, a tract of land available for settlement. An homesteader could claim up to 160 acres and received the title after living on it for five years. The offer of free or cheap land made many want to the Great Plains.

6. Notes continued THE MORRILL LAND-GRANT COLLEGE ACT OF 1862 provided each state 30,000 acres to sell for monies to fund existing colleges or to create new one that focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts. This led to many “A & M” colleges being established such as O.S.U. (not its original name). These colleges provided degrees in agriculture which greatly improved farming in the Great Plains. One of the new farming methods was DRY FARMING, deep planting of seeds. The Plains were dry grasslands and the moisture needed for seeds was below the surface. SODBUSTERS were those plowing through (or trying to) the dirt or sod to plant crops. Many of the sodbusters lost their homesteads due to the difficult conditions of the Plains.

7. Note continued INNOVATIONS are methods or new ideas such as mechanical reapers, steam tractors, threshing machines and mechanical binders helped harvesting wheat. These provided ways for a crop that could endure the dry conditions of the Plains and led to the area being known as the “Bread Basket” of America. BONANZA FARMS yielded big profits for farmers. These profits and success allowed them to create companies, invest in more property and equipment, and to hire laborers. A severe drought in the late 1880’s, competition from other wheat- producing nations, and lower prices brought about a downturn in production and profits for the farmers. Many mortgaged their land eventually losing it to the bank and had to become TENANT FARMERS. They rented the land from the new owners. By 1900, 1/3 of the farms were cultivated (worked) by tenant farmers.

8. Notes concluded April 22, 1889 the government opened one of the last large territories for settlement. THE OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH opened up western Oklahoma to white settlement. This provided the eventual establishment of the state of Oklahoma and marked the end of the true frontier. THE “CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER happened as new settlement slowed and there was less unoccupied land available. Many believed like Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier had provided a “safety- valve of social discontent.” With the loss of the frontier there were no new places to start over.

9. Lesson 3 Notes NOMADS is the term that describes many Native Americans who roamed the land looking for their main food source—the buffalo. Once the food source was hunted to extinction this then forced the Native Americans onto reservations. ANNUITIES were payments given to the Native Americans in exchange for their land. Facing starvation and living in poverty, the Dakota Sioux launched a rebellion killing hundreds of settlers. THE DAKOTA SIOUX UPRISING was a rebellion because of the U.S. government’s mistreatment of the Dakota Sioux tribe. 300 Dakota were sentenced to death. President Lincoln reduced the number condemned to death to 38. Others fled and became exiles in the region that bore their name—the Dakota Territory.

10. Notes continued RED CLOUD’S WAR was started by what was known as Fetterman’s Massacre where hundreds of Lakota Sioux warriors wiped out an unit led by Captain William Fetterman. The Lakota continued to resist any military presence and the army abandoned its posts along the Bozeman Trail. The SAND CREEK MASSACRE was the unprovoked attack by the U.S. on the Cheyenne led by Chief Black Kettle. What caused the attack and the numbers that were killed are still debated today. Many believe that the army fired upon a group that was wanting to surrender and others contend that both groups fought each other for two days. 69 to 600 Native Americans were killed and Indian Peace Commission was formed.

11. Notes continued The INDIAN PEACE COMMISSION was formed in 1867 and proposed creating two large reservations on the Plains—one for the Sioux and the other for Native Americans of the southern Plains. The Peace Commission’s plan was doomed to failure. There were no assurances that Native American leaders and their followers would abide by the treaties, settlers couldn’t be prevented from violating the treaties, and those who did move to reservations faced poverty, despair, and the corrupt practices of American traders. THE BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN occurred on June 25, 1876. Lieutenant Colonel George Custer launched a three-pronged attack on one of the largest groups of Native Americans ever assembled on the Plains. All of Custer’s men (200 plus) and Custer were killed. This was the most decisive victory for Native Americans and one of the worst defeats for the U.S. Army in the Plains Indian War. Calls for retribution eventually were answered with the removal of the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes to reservations.

12. Notes continued The TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE brought an end to resistance by the Native Americans. Soldiers fired upon the Lakota killing more than 200 men, women, and children. This was the last attempt by Native Americans to avoid being placed in reservations and also marked the end of the Ghost Dance movement. (The Ghost Dance was banned by the U.S. government because authorities thought it led to violence. It was a ritual dance hoping for a reunion with ancestors, the return of the buffalo and the disappearance of white settlers.) To ASSIMILATE means to absorb a group into the culture of another population. Becoming landowners and American citizens meant that Native Americans lost their way of life and culture.

13. Notes concluded ALLOTMENTS were provided in Dawes Act passed by Congress in 1887. Each reservation was divided in plots of land for farming or ranching use by individuals or families. Many Native Americans were not suited for neither ranching or farming and still others were attached to their reservations and didn’t want extra land to be opened for settlers.