1. Atypical Sexual Activity

2. Are You a “Pervert?” Perversion – maladjustment involving aberrant or deviant ways of seeking sexual satisfaction. The problem with this definition is that what is considered deviant or atypical at one time and place may be “normal” in another time or place.

3. Are You a “Pervert?” (con’t) Paraphilias – love of the unusual or atypical sexual activity. considered a variation rather than a deviation in sexual behavior diagnosis made when behavior is a repeatedly preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement may be mild (has fantasies or urges but has never acted on them), moderate (has occasionally acted on them), or severe (has repeatedly acted on them) considered a problem only when it is compulsive, destructive, and causes guilt, anxiety, or discomfort to one or both partners males more likely to exhibit paraphilic behavior than females. We will first consider behaviors that are “victimless” and then those behaviors that impinge on the rights of others.

4. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias Fetishism - use of nonliving objects as the preferred or exclusive means of inducing sexual arousal –articles are most often used (e.g., undergarments, shoes, rubber, leather, etc.), but activities may also be used as fetishes (e.g., kleptomania, pyromania) –usually develops around puberty –most likely established through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning Many paraphilias involve consenting adults and no rights are violated. UCS UCR (woman) (arousal) + CS CR (leather) (arousal)

5. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Transvestism – being sexually stimulated by wearing the clothes of the opposite gender –Diagnostic Criteria recurrent and persistent cross-dressing by a heterosexual male (this is almost an all-male phenomenon) use of cross-dressing for the purpose of sexual excitement, at least initially, in the course of the disorder intense frustration when cross-dressing is hindered does not meet the criteria for transsexualism –Characteristics most transvestites are males few want physical feminization through hormones or surgery most (90%) describe themselves as heterosexual and rate of homosexual experience is at the same level in the general population

6. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Transvestism –Characteristics (con’t) treated as boys, not girls, when young began cross-dressing around 9-10 years of age are aroused when exposed to nude women and other erotica feel like men except when cross-dressed continue to cross-dress after marriage –Explanations no hormonal differences between transvestites and “normal” males, nor are there any differences in child-rearing experiences transvestism seems most prevalent in cultures that have relaxed gender role norms and greater pressure on males to be economically responsible for family survival

7. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Transsexuality – mismatch between biological gender and gender identity –Incidence – estimated that 1 in 100,000 males and 1 in 400,000 females are transsexuals in the U.S. –Course of Development identification with opposite gender occurs early in life cross-dressing also occurs and behaviors of the opposite sex are preferred prefer the toys of opposite sex and prefer friends of the opposite sex despise their genitals and may take action to reduce their presence (e.g., bind breasts so they are less noticeable) during sexual contacts, individuals often imagine they have opposite-sex genitals

8. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Transsexuality –Causes little is known about the causes of transsexualism one possibility is that prenatal exposure to abnormal levels of hormones may affect certain brain areas that affect typical male and female behavior and traits research in other areas (e.g., child rearing and family relationships) have not shed much light on the causes –Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment go through therapy to determine if gender identity conflict is the only problem instructed to live as a woman, in all possible respects, for a period of time (e.g., 3 months to ≤ 1 year)

9. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Transsexuality –Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment (con’t) given estrogen at some point to enlarge breasts and hips, reduce facial and body hair, reduce muscle strength, libido, and frequency of erection and ejaculation, and reduce testicle size (voice does not change) if the individual still wishes gender reassignment, operations are conducted to remove penis and testes, silicone breast implants, and construct labia and vagina (penis skin and nerve endings are laid inside the vagina) Can have intercourse; some experience erotic feelings and orgasm –Female-to-Male Gender Reassignment similar to male-to-female process, except testosterone is given to increase body and facial growth, decrease breast size, enlarge clitoris (from 1 to 1.5 in.), suppress menstruation, and deepen voice

10. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Transsexuality –Female-to-Male Gender Reassignment (con’t) if surgery is still desired, operations are performed to use skin from labia and abdomen to construct a penis and scrotum; implant artificial testes in scrotum; remove breasts, uterus, ovaries, and seal off vaginal opening; provide means for artificial erections (semirigid rod or inflatable device) Can have erotic feelings and orgasm if clitoris is left at base of penis –follow-up medical and psychological counseling should occur for both types of gender reassignment

11. Noninvasive Consensual Paraphilias (con’t) Sadism – infliction of physical or psychological pain on a consenting partner to produce sexual excitement –administration of pain may be symbolic or actual –it is the “suffering” of the victim (pretend or actual) that causes the excitement Masochism – experiencing sexual arousal by suffering physical or psychological pain produced in specific ways –has a specific type of pain, area of body, and person(s) inflicting the pain for it to be arousing Sadomasochist – individual who engages in both most sado-masochist encounters are well-scripted or prearranged by the partners central component is the master-slave relationship in which one partner can temporarily be relieved of all responsibilities

12. Invasive Paraphilias Voyeurism – primary or preferred method of obtaining sexual gratification by observing others undressing or engaging in sexual behavior without their consent –voyeur may masturbate while watching or later when recalling the episode –most people convicted of voyeurism are male althought it may be that females are simply less likely to be arrested for voyeurism –typically do not have serious mental disorders, nor are drugs or alcohol involved in the activity – arousal derives from the fact that the voyeur is violating the privacy of the person being watched Paraphilias that involve the violation of peoples’ rights.

13. Invasive Paraphilias (con’t) Exhibitionism – primary or preferred method of obtaining sexual gratification derived from displaying one’s genitals to an unwilling or unsuspecting individual –most common sexual offense and is typically committed by males –common for the exhibitionist to have an erection and often masturbate as well during the offense; may also use the episode later as a source of fantasy for masturbation –primary motivation seems to be to impress women with the size of their penis and derive enjoyment from the fright or startle response –often engage in other invasive sexual behaviors including rape and should be considered dangerous; get away as quickly as possible and report it to the police

14. Invasive Paraphilias (con’t) Obscene Phone Calls (Telephone Scatologia) - exhibitionists who “exhibit” verbally –typically male –masturbate during or after the call –stay calm, got off the phone as quickly as possible, and call the police Frotteurism – touching or rubbing one’s body against a nonconsenting individual –occurs in large, densely packed groups (e.g., crowds, bus, subway) without the victim’s awareness or with little annoyance from the victim Toucheurism – touching the breasts or genitals of another without consent –both often engage in other invasive paraphilias

15. Invasive Paraphilias (con’t) Pedophilia – primary and relatively permanent sexual interest in children – “dirty old man” stereotype is fairly inaccurate; typically, the individual is related to or knows the child –tend toward shyness, loneliness, low self-esteem, isolation, and sensitivity to the evaluations of others –greater tendency for the offender to exhibit psychopathology the younger the victim –majority of those convicted seem to have done so for situational reasons (e.g., during periods of stress, frustration, lack of other sexual outlets, during an unusual opportunity –cause of pedophilia is unclear

16. Sexual Predator Laws Should a community be notified when a convicted sex offender is released into a neighborhood? Several arguments have been proposed to argue against the effectiveness of such laws: Since most instances of pedophilia involve a parent or stepparent, the other parent is already aware Sex offenders are quite adept at deceiving children and, therefore, notification will be ineffective for a targeted child Public notification will likely impede the ability of the offender to form appropriate relationships with adults, increasing the chances they will approach children again May make it more difficult for offenders to seek therapy Offenders may begin to believe it is the community’s responsibility to monitor and control the offender’s behavior rather than the offender’s responsibility

17. Miscellaneous Paraphilias Zoophilia (Bestiality) – the primary or preferred means of obtaining sexual pleasure through contact with another species (e.g., sheep, dog) –sexual contact with animals has been reported throughout history, but is relatively rare –highest rate appears to be among adolescent farm boys –contact with animals generally ceases when sexual contact with adults begins Necrophilia – having sex with a corpse –individuals typically have severe emotional problems

18. Miscellaneous Paraphilias (con’t) Asphyxiophilia – temporarily decreasing blood flow to the brain through hanging –carbon dioxide levels increase, purportedly inducing a mental state which enhances the feelings of an orgasm –500 – 1,000 deaths occur as a result of this practice Partialism – exclusive focus on a particular part of the body (e.g., toes, ears, etc.) Coprophilia – arousal associated with feces Urophilia – arousal associated with urine Klismaphilia – arousal from receiving enemas Troilism – arousal from having someone watch you have sex

19. Treatment Many therapies have been used to treat sex offenders with varying degrees of success. psychotherapy – has not been very effective surgical castration – since testosterone is not the sole determinant for sexual desire or performance, removal of the testes does not insure a reduction in sexual behavior chemical treatment – longitudinal studies are lacking and, therefore, the long-term effectiveness and potential side effects are unknown –estrogens – effective in reducing sex drive, but results in feminization –antiandrogenic drugs – have been reasonably effective in reducing or inhibiting sexual fantasy, desire, and arousal by interfering with the action of testosterone

20. Treatment (con’t) chemical treatment – longitudinal studies are lacking and, therefore, the long-term effectiveness and potential side effects are unknown –estrogens – effective in reducing sex drive, but results in feminization –antiandrogenic drugs – have been reasonably effective in reducing or inhibiting sexual fantasy, desire, and arousal by interfering with the action of testosterone; Depo- Provera (medroxyprogesterone) and CPA (cyproterone acetate) are the most widely used –antidepressants – administration is based on the theory that brain chemical imbalances, especially serotonin, underlie many paraphilic disorders; has be reasonably successful.

21. Treatment (con’t) Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – attempt to alter thoughts and behaviors toward more socially acceptable themes and targets: –behavior therapy to reduce inappropriate sexual arousal and enhance appropriate sexual arousal (e.g., systematic desensitization, reinforcement, etc.) –training to develop or enhance prosocial skills –modify distorted cognitions and develop victim empathy (e.g., rational emotive therapy) –ongoing support