1. Slide 1, hlu & faynberg Trends in Network Evolution Igor Faynberg, Ph.D. Hui-Lan Lu, Ph.D. Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies Multimedia Convergence Workshop Geneva, 2002

2. Slide 2, hlu & faynberg Outline l Introduction l Internet –Original Requirements –Architectural Principles –Hourglass model –New requirements l Some observations l An evolvable solution

3. Slide 3, hlu & faynberg 0 1 2 3 195819781998 Wireless Cable Wireline 2005 An Increasingly Connected World Global Access Lines l A century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines; 700 million more lines over the next 15-20 years l About a billion wireless subscribers in the world today, growing about 20% per year l About 300 million Cable TV subscribers in the world today, growing about 6% per year l More than 400 million Internet users in the world today, growing about 20% per year l 90 million km of fiber deployed in 2000 – enough to circle the globe 2250 times – bringing the installed base to about 400 million km 0 200 400 600 800 1000 199520002005 Billions Global Internet Users Millions

4. Slide 4, hlu & faynberg Requirements for the Original Internet l Existing networks must be interconnected with an effective multiplexing technique l The interconnected network must continue to function despite partial network failures l The resultant architecture must –Support multiple types of communications applications –Accommodate a variety of networks –Permit distributed management of its resources –Be cost effective –Permit host attachment with a low level of effort –Be able to account for the resources usedhighimportancelowimportance

5. Slide 5, hlu & faynberg The Internet A basic component is routers, which interconnect distinguishable networks by storing and forwarding packets... IP Network 4 IP Network 3 IP Network 2 IP Network 1 Gateway

6. Slide 6, hlu & faynberg Internet Architectural Principles (RFC1958) fate sharing l Emphasize intelligence at the edges (i.e., fate sharing), distributed processing, dynamic (versus static) solutions, and modularity l Support accommodation of multiple network types l Are inherently hostile to the needs of Internet-wide realtime multimedia applications l Are not a religion (RFC 1958 is informational)

7. Slide 7, hlu & faynberg The End-to-End Argument (Sometimes an incomplete version of the function provided by the communication system may be useful as a performance enhancement.) The function in question can completely and correctly be implemented only with the knowledge and help of the application standing at the end points of the communication system. Therefore, providing that questioned function as a feature of the communication system itself is not possible. (Sometimes an incomplete version of the function provided by the communication system may be useful as a performance enhancement.) (J. H. Saltzer et al., “End-to-end Arguments in System Design”) l Move functions up and out l Make the network as transparent as possible

8. Slide 8, hlu & faynberg The Internet Hourglass email WWW telephony... SMTP HTTP RTP... TCP UDP… IP 802.2 PPP… CSMA SONET... copper fiber radio... A single data delivery service at network layer maximizes interoperability and minimizes the number of service interfaces Minimum function (best- effort packet forwarding) at network layer allows the network to scale easily A single global address space is accessible to all Shielding network details from upper layers fosters application innovation (Source: Steve Deering’s presentation at the IAB Plenary, 51 st IETF )

9. Slide 9, hlu & faynberg Out of Shape? email WWW telephony... SMTP HTTP RTP... TCP UDP… IP + mcast + QoS +... 802.2 PPP… CSMA SONET... copper fiber radio... email WWW telephony... SMTP HTTP RTP... TCP UDP… IP 802.2 PPP… CSMA SONET... copper fiber radio... (Source: Steve Deering’s presentation at the IAB Plenary, 51 st IETF ) email WWW telephony... SMTP HTTP RTP... TCP UDP… IP ATM 802.2 CSMA SONET... copper fiber radio...

10. Slide 10, hlu & faynberg Factors Changing the Internet l Growing size of the routing table l More-demanding applications, such as –Media streaming –Multimedia conferencing l New types of endpoint devices, such as –Personal digital assistants –Cell phones –Appliances l Assured operation in an untrustworthy world l Service provider service differentiation l 3 rd party intervention (e.g., wiretapping) l Less-sophisticated users

11. Slide 11, hlu & faynberg Some Observations l IP has become the public UNI for networking-service access. l Separate specialized networks are evolving to multi-service networks that have a packet/optical core. l MPLS is a key technology to enable the packet core to deliver better- than-best-effort, manageable and billable services. Global Services through coexistence and cooperation of the Intelligence in Networks with the Intelligence at the Edges! l The synthesis of the Internet philosophy (Intelligence only at the edges) and Telecom philosophy (Intelligence only at the network) is Global Services through coexistence and cooperation of the Intelligence in Networks with the Intelligence at the Edges! l National and international regulations are adapting to address issues on, for example, open access, fair competition, intellectual properties rights, security and privacy. l The standards organizations should cooperate in defining interfaces and building blocks for ubiquitous intelligence.

12. Slide 12, hlu & faynberg An Evolvable Solution --Intelligence in every layer Application Layer Control Bearer Service Control Layer Softswitch Control IP Service Switching Application Services Network Transport Layer PSTN Internet Multiservice Packet Switching X X X X X Core network X Optical Core Broadband Access GbE DSLAM Access Network RAS Frame/ ATM Frame/ ATM Wireless CPE Media Gateways Metro Optical X X X X