1. Chapter 16 – 19th Century Reform Movements

2. Question What does it mean to “reform” something?
What elements of society today do you think should change?

3. The spirit of democracy during Jackson's presidency set the stage for reform as groups rallied to correct problems caused by social, political, economic, and technological changes of the early 1800s. Religious revival and the emergence of early industry sparked reform movements.

4. Religion in the 19th Century
Church attendance in 1850?
Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reasons (1794)
Deism / beliefs
Unitarian / beliefs
Key idea = belief in free will / salvation through good works

5. – Alexis de Tocqueville
“There is no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America.”
– Alexis de Tocqueville

6. Second Great Awakening
Renewed interest / passion in religion
Reject: God determines salvation
Emphasize:
Individual responsible for salvation
People can improve themselves /society
Inspired movement to reform evils of society
What “evils” existed?

7. Mother Ann Lee (Shaker)
“If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in the regeneration, God will cleanse you from all unrighteousness.”
“Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries.”

8. Spreading Religious Ideas
Revivals
Intense, personal sermons
Peter Cartwright (Methodist)
Charles Grandison Finney

15. “The power of God fell on the assembly, and there was an awful shaking among the dry bones. Several fell to the floor and cried for mercy.”

16. Denominational Diversity
“Burned-Over District”
Millerites / Adventists
2nd GA widened lines between classes / regions (examples?)

17. Education Reform

18. Before Reform Opposition to “free” public education – why?
Reasons for change?
Other education problems / conditions?

19. Education Reform Horace Mann Changes made by Mann Typical lessons
Webster / McGruffy
2nd GA and higher learning
Types of schools
State-supported
Women and higher education

20. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
“3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8

21. McGruffy Reader
Beautiful hands are they that do Deeds that are noble good and true Beautiful feet are they that go Swiftly to lighten another’s woe

22. Limits of Reform Schools more common in North; urban areas
Limited education for girls, blacks
Segregated / inferior schools for minorities

23. Reforming Asylums and Prisons

24. Before
Criminals / mentally ill isolated in institutions for period of years

25. “While society in the US gives the example of the most extended liberty, the prisons of the same country offer the spectacle of the most complete despotism (rigid and severe control).”

26. Reform
Dorothea Dix
“Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience”
Rehabilitation

27. Working for Temperance
Temperance Movement
Problems caused?
Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
Groups formed?

30. “There is no reform in which woman can act better or more appropriately than temperance. Its effects fall so crushingly upon her. Oh! the misery, the utter, hopeless misery of the drunkard’s wife!”

32. The Mormon Migration Joseph Smith Book of Mormon
Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)
Problems for the Mormons?
Brigham Young
Desert Zion = Utah