1. CULTURAL POLITICAL ECONOMICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE MODERN AGE MANJOLA ISLAMI V BLS 2014/2015

2. From 1890 to 1930 Positivism’s promises failed World War I (1914-18) Economic depression Communism (1917) New scientific and psychological discoveries Religious and moral crisis

3. WORLD WAR I

4. ECONOMY Shocked a whole generation Destruction of European self- confidence and the end of European domination of the world Lost of faith in liberal democracy, Capitalism and Victorian idea of progress Science and industry had not produced a better world Economic depression and unemployment among the working class Consequences in… WWI Organization to have wrights recognized

5. Great Britain Unions (illegal) Trade Unions Labour Party (1900) Russia Lenin and the Bolshevik partyCommunism (1917) communist movements in Europe (Germany, Italy and Hungary) Laissez-fair (→ the State does not interfere into the economy) had not produced benefits for everyone and served the public good. So governments accepted to exercise some control of the economy and accept some responsibilities. This policy laid the basis of the modern Welfare State Marx’s the Communist Manifesto (1848)

6. new Scientific and Philosophical Theories Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams (1900 ) Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (1906) Carl Jung’s The Psychology of the Unconscious (1916) Henri Bergson and W. James rejected conventional ideas of time Euclidean geometry and Newtonian physics rest on false assumptions

7. Doubts and insecurity world did not obey any divine principles sense of isolation and of spiritual vulnerability only sure point of reference was himself

8. POETRY  T. Hardy and J. Conrad were pessimist  V. Woolf, D.H. Lawrence and E.M. Forster found in personal relationship a substitute for the divine love  Hillarie Belloc, G. K. Chesterton and T. S. Eliot ignored their rational doubts and became Christians  G.B. Show and H.G. Wells dedicated themselves to social reform  Edward Thomas, Walter De La Mare and A. E. Housman expressed a regret for a world which would not return  Hulme condemned the Romantic idea that art was only a matter of self- expression: it should be impersonal (in the way that Neo-Classicism had been)  The Imagists wanted poetic language to be dry and hard, with clear and precise images. They tried to produce poetry which reflected the cold, mechanical reality of the modern world  W. B. Yeats and D. H. Hulme were desperately looking for a new order that they felt Western society so desperately needed Consequences in…

9.  Invisible narrator  Absence of comments, judgments and interference, ambiguity and uncertainty permeate the novel  Characters tell and represents the story (self-told)  No moral criticism and humorous observation  Aesthetic values have taken the place of moral values  Use of mythical and historical characters to criticize Victorian society  Interior monologue  The reader identifies himself with the characters  Poets don't present their own version of reality  No alternative point of view