1. CONTENT TRADE INSTRUMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS WORK TOWARDS WTO OBJECTIVES REACTIONS TO PRO-TRADE ARGUMENTS SOME TRADE AGREEMENTS IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION DIFFERENTIATED IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON WOMEN AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY –Income effects –Health and Morbidity –Capabilities

2. ARGUMENTS FOR TRADE LIBERALIZATION Y=C+G+I+(X-M) Trade accelerates overall economic growth, which raises profits and promotes greater savings and investment and thus further growth It promotes competition, improves ressources allocation and fosters specialization in sectors where countires have comparative advantage (best suited to produce) Trade enlarges a country s access to scarce resources and its consumption capacities It increases world output It provides access to worlwide markets for poor countries It tends to promote greater competiton, attracts foreign capital, technology and expertise into developing countries Trade generates very needed foreign exchange to pay for debt or imports

3. TRADE INSTRUMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS WORK TOWARDS WTO OBJECTIVES HIPC COTONOU AGREEMENT AGOA WTO More trade and less social justice and citizen rights Fosters trade liberalization among nations Trade liberalization not Aid Sets contracts binding nations to keep their trade policies within agreed limits Establishes dispute settlement measures promoting freer trade More benefits for large foreign and multinational investors Endorsement of privatization Rights of foreign investors to establish in any African country without conditionality Obligation to cut corporate taxes and to apply same rules to foreign investors Monitors countries appliance to trade rules Liberalization reforms of financial and labor sectors Reforming goods and services markets Privatization programmes

4. REACTIONS TO PRO-TRADE ARGUMENTS Development cannot be measured only in terms of growth Non market activities which are excluded in model play a determinant role than cannot be neglected in favor of market-focussed trade Gender factors in terms of differentiated positions and power relations between women and men within and outside different markets (labor, financial and goods and services) arenas are totally excluded from the model Gender impacts of trade offset the anticipated benefits from trade (increased gender inequalities, and womens insecurity)

5. REACTIONS TO PRO-TRADE ARGUMENTS Trickle down effect of growth gains from trade is a myth not a reality in developing countries Limited growth of world demand for primary goods exports because of developed countries demand shift from high technology and skills intensive products Secular deteriorating terms of trade against developing nations Increased sophisticated protectionism from developed countries against developing countries manufactured and processed agricultural products

6. SOME TRADE AGREEMENTS Agriculture: sale of transgenetic seeds, dependency on chemicals seeds, processing and sale of food; vulnerability of women small farmers and food producers and processors; land issues; production costs; no protection for food security; reduction and elimination of subsidies. New and very complex system of subsidies. General Agreement on Tariffs and Services (GATS): 160 sectors involved; health, education, debt servicing,culture, telecommunications, banks, etc, all human livelihoods and security-related sectors; privatization of public services and submission to market and competition laws. Rights to education health, culture, positive discrimination for girls education...; Privatization of land, water endangering womens livelihood and security.

7. IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION Financial Institutions Government Households Private Sector Taxes from households Household savings Consumer goods Cheap labor for little wages BorrowingRepaying Taxes from firms Investment savings Foreign Sector Imports payments Exports revenues Consumer demand Gendered redistribution of labor Credit Government provision of social services Government Privatization of services Foreign banks Investments in foreign private sector initiatives

8. DIFFERENTIATED IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON WOMEN AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 1. Income effects New job opportunities More women than men accessing new jobs mostly low standard jobs Marginal increase revenues Threat to poor womens small businesses Competition between cheap imported good and locally produced commodities Comodification of Utilities and public goods (water, energy, land, etc.) Increased costs of utilities (production or consumption good) Increased time devoted to provide household services and utilities

9. 2. Health and Morbidity Womens access to labor market impact on girls household work servicing Increased morbidity, health insecurity increased expenditure and on health provisioning New private sector ande labor lead to reduced access to health benefits and social protection Food insecurity impacts from exports promotion (from market access to nutritional level or calorie intake)

10. 3. Capabilities Less rights, participation, security, etc. Womens unpaid more devalued work devalued with increased focus on markets Enterprise development threatened because of unleveled competition field Access to use of ICT Increased organizing capacities Increased opportunities for learning

11. NETWORK OF AFRICAN WOMEN ECONOMISTS CAPACITY BUILDING ADVOCACY RESEARCH AWE Ministries -Finance -Budget -Women -Planning Womens groups Networks WICEJ IWGGT WIDE, etc Parliamentarians National budgets Trade agreements PRSPs Indicators and statistics Directory of organisations Bibliography Case studies HIPC Needs assessmentTraining materials Partners IGTN GERA AAWORD Etc. Civil society organisations TOT Training workshops NETWORKING Regional institutions Data collection

12. MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY FRAMEWORK